History quiz 2 part 1 and 2 chapter 1 Cartes | Quizlet

In his report . Lord Durham recommended the union of the two Canadas and responsible government . Responsible government

The Act of Union , 1840

The Act of Union ( 1840 ) merged the colonies of Upper and Lower Canada to create the Province of Canada ( a.k.a. United Canada ) .

Territorial changes under the Act of Union

1791-1840

Date of THE CONSTITUTIONAL ACT

This constitution created a single legislative assembly composed of representatives from both former colonies .

Political changes under the Act of Union

1. *French Canadians as Minority*:

- Single assembly marginalized French Canadians; Upper Canada Anglophone, Lower Canada Francophone.

2. *Financial Burden*:

- Lower Canada took on Upper Canada's debt and shared customs revenues.

3. *Language Policy*:

- English became the sole official language.

4. *Governance*:

- Responsible government not implemented; Governor could veto, Council could reject bills.

Downfalls of the Act of Union for French Canadians

Following the Act of Union , politicians from the Province of Canada divided into two groups : the Reformers and the Conservatives ( Tories ) Leader of the reformers : Louis - Hippolyte Lafontaine ( Canada East ) Robert Baldwin ( Canada West )

The early years of the Province of Canada

The Baldwin - Lafontaine Alliance The end of British protectionism

Leading towards responsible government

1. *Formation of Reform Party*:

- Established as a compromise among reformers in 1841.

2. *Achievement of Responsible Government*:

- Alliance led to responsible government in the Province of Canada.

3. *Dominance in Assembly*:

- By 1842, the Reform Party gained many supporters and dominated the Legislative Assembly.

The Baldwin Lafontaine Alliance

- British Protectionism**: Economic favoritism towards colonies.

- Higher Customs Duties**: Imposed on non-Empire countries.

- Preferential Tariffs**: Province of Canada benefited with reduced taxation.

- Reduced Competition**: Allowed local industries to thrive.

- Costly for London**: Excessive spending on resources for colonies.

- Economic Imbalance**: Strained London's finances while supporting colonies.

The abolition of British protectionism

Responsible government was established in 1848.

- The Legislative Assembly chose the Executive Council.

- If the Council lost support, they had to resign.

- The Council was accountable to the Assembly.

Responsible Government

⚫The Baldwin - Lafontaine Alliance was in power until 1851 . ⚫The Reformers succeeded in re - establishing French as a language used in the Assembly . ⚫The Official Languages Bill recognized French as having the same status as English in the Province of Canada

Defending French Canadian Interests

In 1849 , the Reformers passed laws that : ⚫Granted amnesty to the Patriotes ( those who led the Rebellions of 1837-38 ) . Compensated ( $$$ ) victims of the Rebellions . ⚫The Rebellion Losses Bill , 1849 .

Part 2 Defending French Canadian Interests

The Rebellion Losses Bill , 1849 , triggered a violent reaction from English Canadians . • They believed that the bill was compensating those who started the Rebellions in the first place . Most of the victims were French Canadian .

The Burning of the Parliament Building in Montreal , 1849

- The Bagot Commission (1842-1844) was led by Governor General Charles Bagot.

- It suggested how to manage Indigenous lands.

- In 1851, Canada reserved 230,000 acres for Indigenous people.

- The land was divided into reserves.

- The aim was to encourage farming (sedentarization).

First Nations in United Canada

▪Province of Canada ■ Newfoundland ▪Nova Scotia ■ New Brunswick ▪Prince Edward Island ▪North - Western Territory ( Hudson's Bay Company ) ▪Rupert's Land ( Hudson's Bay Company )

British North America in the mid - 19th century British possessions around 1850 :

▪Each colony had its own government to manage its internal ( domestic ) affairs other country manges external conflicts

British North America in the mid - 19th century

▪The Reform alliance split in the early 1850s into moderates ( non - extreme views / desires ) and radicals extreme views / desires ) . ▪Moderates = satisfied with the gains . ▪Radicals = seeking more changes ( specifically , more control over external relations ) .

Political difficulties in Canada

Leader : John A. Macdonald

Members : Tories and Moderate Reformers ( mostly Protestant , Anglophone , and loyalists ) .

Objective : Develop the colony and forge commercial and political ties within the Province of Canada .

The conservative party memebers leader objective upper canada

Party Name : Parti Bleu

Leader : George - Étienne Cartier

Members : Moderate Reformers ( mostly businessmen ) .

Objective : Develop the colony and forge commercial and political ties within the Province of Canada

The conservative party name and memebers leader objective lower canada

Party Name : Clear Grits Leader : George Brown Members : Radical Reformers Objective : Separation of Church and State ; Distrustful of " French Domination . "

The liberal party name and memebers leader objective upper canada

Party Name : Parti Rouge Leader : Antoine - Aimé Dorion Members : Radical Reformers , nationalist and anticlerical intellectuals . Objective Separation of Church and State ; Protect French culture and language .

The liberal party name and memebers leader objective lower canada

1. Ministerial ( government ) instability ( political reason )

2. Threat of an American invasion ( defence reason )

3. Free trade and the creation ( and nonrenewal ) of the Reciprocity Treaty ( economic reason )

The causes of the creation of Canada

▪From 1854-1864 , there were 10 minority governments

▪Minority government = a government formed by a party that had less than 50 % of the elected members in the Assembly

. ▪There was a political deadlock .

Ministerial ( Government ) Instability

- The U.S. declared independence in 1776.

- Manifest Destiny fueled westward expansion.

- Both the U.S. and Canada wanted Hudson's Bay Company lands.

- The Civil War (1861-1865) was between the North and South.

- Britain was neutral but supported the South.

- The North threatened to annex Canada.

Threat of an American invasion

The UK adopted free trade by ending its protectionist policies, creating competition for the Province of Canada. In response, Canada developed a domestic market, built a rail network (including the Grand Trunk Railway in 1852), and signed a Reciprocity Treaty with the United States to enhance trade.

Free trade and the creation ( and nonrenewal ) of the Reciprocity Treaty

▪Signed in 1854 . Allowed the Province of Canada and the United States to trade raw materials without paying custom duties . It was basically a free trade agreement .it was terminated in 1866

The Reciprocity Treaty

In 1864, the Great Coalition was formed by leaders from Cartier's Parti Bleu, Macdonald's Conservative Party, and Brown's Clear Grit Party. This coalition aimed to promote the idea of confederation among the British North American colonies to create a federal government alongside provincial governments.

The Great Coalition (1864)

A series of conferences were held to discuss confederation: the Charlottetown Conference (1864) initiated discussions about union, while the Quebec Conference (1864) led to the adoption of the 72 Resolutions outlining federalism and representation by population. The London Conference (1866) sought British approval for Confederation, resulting in the BNA Act of 1867, which established Canada's first constitution.

Key Conferences the move towards confederation

Governments of P.E.I. and Newfoundland not in favour ▪They didn't want to take on the Province of Canada's debts ▪They were the least populated colonies . ▪They withdrew their support .

Reactions to Confederation

P.E.I. and Newfoundland opposed Confederation due to concerns over assuming the Province of Canada's debts and their smaller populations. While Nova Scotia and New Brunswick initially rejected the idea, New Brunswick's governor and Nova Scotia's prime minister eventually supported it, with the latter requesting a railway link. In Upper Canada, the Assembly was in favor, but Lower Canada's Rouges opposed it due to fears of English domination.

Reactions to Confederation

▪The BNA Act was adopted in 1867 . It created the Dominion of Canada . Macdonald insisted that the central ( federal ) government be greater than the local ( provincial ) governments . So ... ▪The federal government was given residual powers and the power of disallowance .canada became federation

The British North American Act( BNA act)

▪Four provinces in the Dominion of Canada in 1867 ▪Quebec ▪Ontario New Brunswick Nova Scotia

Territorial Organization under the BNA Act

Pas encore étudiés (32)

Vous n'avez pas encore étudié ces termes.