Ancient History

Gilgamesh

Demigod, ruler of Uruk

Uruk

Ancient walled city in Sumer

Enkidu

A wild man created by the gods to match Gilgamesh and teach him humility.

Humbaba

Guardian of the Cedar Forest, defeated by Gilgamesh and Enkidu.

Utnapishtim

The immortal survivor of the Great Flood in the Epic of Gilgamesh, who grants Gilgamesh wisdom and insights about immortality.

Ishtar

A god who wanted to marry Gilgamesh

Inanna

the Sumerian goddess of love, war, and fertility, often associated with Ishtar.

Hammurabi

Founded Babylon as the capital of the Old Babylonian Empires.

Ur-Nammu

Drove the Guti out of Mesopotamia in 2046 BCE

Domestication

To tame animals

Lugal

The ruler of a city in ancient Sumer

Cuneiform

Ancient Sumerian writing, made by making indents in clay tablets

Babylon

Ancient city located on the Tigris river

Irrigation

To water plants

Patron God/Deity

Father god or protector God

Ziggurat

A terraced temple where the gods lived

Neolithic revolution

The period humans switched from hunting and gathering to farming

Tigris and Euphrates

The 2 rivers around Mesopotamia

Sumer

Southern Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia

Means between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates.

Sexigesimal

Base 60 system

Nile river

Protects Egypt

Inundation

Annual flooding of the Nile River

Narmer

The King that united Upper and Lower Egypt.

Narmer Palette

Depicts King Narmer uniting upper and lower Egypt.

Pyramids

Structures built for the tombs of the pharaohs.

Horus

God of the Sky, pharaohs are seen as living versions of him.

Memphis

Located in Lower Egypt

Thebes

Located in Upper Egypt

Hyksos

Invaded Lower Egypt, from Canaan

Thutmose III

Too young to rule initially and fought back from Canaan Kings

Hatshepsut

Thutmose II regent.

Akhenaton/Amenhotep IV

Changed the main god from Amon-Ra to Aton.

Tutankhamen

Became pharaoh at age 10 and abolished the worship of Aton and changed it back to Amon-Ra.

Double Crown

The united crown of Upper and Lower Egypt.

Khopesh

The curved weapon brought by the Hyksos

Ammit the Devourer

The Deamon that would eat your Akh if it was heavier than the feather of Ma’at.

Mummification

To preserve the physical body after death, included embalming.

Ramses II

The 3rd King of the 19th dynasty. He led lots of military campaigns

Battle of Qadesh

Ramses II led 20,000 troops against the Hittites.

Ma’at

“Right order”. Existed if everything was in the order that the gods ordained, held society together

Book of the Dead

The 42-divine principle of Ma’at that the pharaoh lived by.

Amon-Ra

The Sun God

Aton

The Physical Sun

Papyrus

The paper that the Egyptian people used to write one, made from the papyrus plant.

Hieroglyphs

The Writing system from pictograms.

Monotheism

The belief in one god

Polytheism

The belief in many gods

Ka/Ba

The pharaohs soul

Rosetta Stone

Found by Napolean in 1779 AD, written on it were 3 languages: Modern Egyptian, hieroglyphics, and Greek

Creation story

The 7 days of creation where God created the universe

Adam and Eve

The very first man and woman. Man was made of dirt, and woman was made from the rib of man.

The Fall of Man

The serpent tricked woman into eating fruit from the Tree of knowledge and Evil.

Cain and Abel

The first murder. Cain was jealous of Able and killed him. Sons of Adam and Eve.

Shem

Son of Noah

Noah

Built the arc to survive the flood. Took every animal onto his arc.

Flood story

God flooded the world to erase the evil from the world, but spared Noah and his family.

Covenants

Had 3 parts to them: A command, a sign, and a promise.

Abraham/Abram

Used to be called Abram but was told by God that his new name is Abraham. He was commanded by God to Go!

Moses

Saw god through a burning bush. God gave him 3 signs to show to pharaohs to free the Israelites.

Plagues of Egypt

Used to soften pharaohs and let the Israelites go.

Passover

Jewish holiday. God sent a spirit to kill every first-born son except for people who follow the plans given to them.

10 Commandments

God gives the Israelites 10 instructions to follow.

Babylonian Exile

Babylonians sieged Jerusalem and took the Israelites.

Joseph

Jacobs favorite son but his brothers hated him, they captured him, faked his death, and sold him into slavery in Egypt. There he interpreted dreams for the pharaoh

David

Was a shepherd boy and killed the great Philistine giant, Goliath with a sling. He later became king.

Jacob

The younger twin and tricked his brother into selling his birthright so he could have the stew.

Esau

The older brother of Jacob and traded his birthright for stew.

Daniel

Interpreted King Nebuchadnezzars dreams.

Siege warfare

Invented siege machines

The Assyrians professional army

Consisted of siege machines, composite bows

Tiglath Pileser III

Middle king of Assyria

Sargon II

King of Assyria, the army was at its peak during his reign

Sennacherib

The king that reconstructed Ninevah

Nabopolassar

Father of Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon

Alliance with the Medes- “The Royal Wedding”

Nebuchadnezzar marries Amytis to ally with the Medes

Nebuchadnezzar

King of Babylon, who married Amytis

Ishtar Gate

Nebuchadnezzar built it for the doorway to the city

Hanging Gardens

Nebuchadnezzar built it for his homesick wife

Jerusalem

Sieged and destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar