Chp 6-7 Cardiovascular and Lymphatic systems

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall?

**Endocardium** (inner lining), **Myocardium** (muscle layer), and **Epicardium** (outer layer).

Where is the heart located?

In the **Thoracic Cavity**, within the **mediastinum**.

What is the function of the Pericardium?

A double-layered connective tissue sac that surrounds and **protects the heart**.

What is the name for the heart's own blood circulation?

**Coronary Circulation**.

Where is the heart's natural pacemaker located?

The **sinoatrial (SA) node**, located in the right atrium.

What is Systole?

When a heart chamber **contracts** (pumps blood out).

What is Diastole?

When a heart chamber **relaxes** (fills with blood).

What is Pulmonary Circulation?

The path of blood flow from the **right side** of the heart to the **lungs** for oxygenation.

What is Systemic Circulation?

The path of blood flow from the **left side** of the heart to the **periphery** (body tissues).

Name the 4 heart valves.

**Tricuspid**, **Pulmonary**, **Mitral/Bicuspid**, and **Aortic** valves.

What type of vessel carries blood **away** from the heart?

**Arteries**.

What type of vessel carries blood **back** to the heart?

**Veins**.

What vessels allow for the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste?

**Capillaries**.

What percentage of the body's blood is generally located in the veins?

**60-70%**.

What is the normal heartbeat range (Sinus Rhythm)?

**60-80 beats per minute (bpm)**.

Front: What is Bradycardia?

Heart rate slower than **60 bpm**.

What is Tachycardia?

Heart rate greater than **100 bpm**.

What is Atrial Fibrillation (A-Fib)?

A disorder where the **atria quiver** instead of contracting.

What is Ventricular Fibrillation (V-Fib)?

A life-threatening disorder where the **ventricles quiver** instead of pumping.

What is Stenosis (in reference to a valve disorder)?

A valve cannot fully open because its opening is **narrowed**.

What is a Myocardial Infarction (MI)?

A **"Heart Attack"**; the death (**necrosis**) of myocardial cells due to lack of blood supply (**ischemia**).

Front: What is Atherosclerosis?

The most common form of arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries), where coronary arteries are constricted by **plaque**.

What is Angina Pectoris?

**Pain in the chest on exertion**; often the first symptom of reduced oxygen supply to the heart muscle.

Front: What is the blood pressure reading for Hypertension (High BP)?

Greater than **130/80 mmHg**.

What is Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)?

**Thrombus (clot) formation in a deep vein** that can break off and become a dangerous **embolus**.

What is an Aneurysm?

A **localized dilation (bulge) of an artery**.

What noninvasive test investigates the **electrical activity** of the heart?

**Electrocardiography (ECG or EKG)**.

What diagnostic procedure is an **ultrasound** of the heart?

**Echocardiogram**.

What procedure involves inserting a catheter to detect **pressure and blood flow patterns** or identify blockages?

**Cardiac Catheterization** (or Coronary Angiogram if dye is used).

What protein complex is only found in cardiac muscle and is released during an MI?

**Troponin I and T**.

What surgical procedure uses a **balloon-tipped catheter** to compress plaque against the artery walls?

**Angioplasty (PTCA)**.

What procedure uses healthy vessels from another part of the body to bypass blocked coronary arteries

**Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)**.

What is the function of **Anticoagulants**

Drugs that **decrease blood clot formation**.

What is the function of **Diuretics**?

Drugs that stimulate urine production to **decrease fluid volume**.

What is the function of **Lipid-Regulating Drugs**?

Lower **"bad" cholesterol (LDL)** and increase **"good" cholesterol (HDL)** to inhibit atheroscleros

Hematologists

physicians who specialize in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of blood and bone marrow diseases

Immunologists & Allergists

physicians who specialize in immune system disorders, such as allergies, asthma, and immunodeficiency and autoimmune diseases

Epidemiologists

medical scientists involved in the study of epidemic diseases and how they are transmitted and controlled

Phlebotomists

assist physicians by drawing patient blood samples for laboratory testing

Hematology

the study of blood and its disorders

Formed elements

45% of blood, which is 99% RBCs, then 1% WBCs and platelets

Hematocrit

% of total blood volume composed of RBC

Plasma

55% of blood; a liquid matrix containing water, proteins, nutrients, waste products, hormones, and enzymes

Serum

fluid remaining after removal of blood cells and the formation of a clot

Hemoglobin (Hb)

Iron-containing pigment (heme) bound to a protein (globin); the main component of RBCs

RBC Functions

Transport Oxygen, Transport Carbon Dioxide, Transport Nitric Oxide

Neutrophils

55-65% of WBCs; Ingest bacteria, fungi, and some viruses

Basophils

< 1% of WBCs; Release **histamine** to increase blood flow and **heparin** to prevent clotting

Monocytes

3-8% of WBCs; Become **macrophages** that ingest bacteria, dead cells, and dead neutrophils in the tissues

Lymphocytes

25-35% of WBCs; involved in immune response; B cells produce antibodies, T cells attack foreign cells

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

Minute fragments of large bone marrow cells; involved in blood clotting

Hemostasis

The control of bleeding to maintain homeostasis

Vascular Spasm

First step of Hemostasis: temporary constriction of the injured blood vessels

Type O Blood

Has neither A nor B antigens, produces A & B antibodies, is the **"universal donor"**

Type AB Blood

Has antigens A & B, produces no antibodies, is the **"universal receiver"**

Rh Positive

You have the Rh antigen molecule on the red cell surface (85% of people)

3 Lines of Defense

**Physical** (skin, mucus), **Humoral** (antibodies tag pathogens), and **Cellular** (defensive cells attack)

Functions of Lymphatic System

Absorb excess interstitial fluid, Remove foreign chemicals/debris, Absorb dietary lipids

Lymph Node Function

Filter impurities from the lymph and alert the immune system to the presence of pathogens

Spleen

Largest lymphatic organ; functions include filtering old/defective blood cells and initiating immune response

Thymus Gland

Small organ in the upper chest where **T cells mature**

Immune System Characteristics

**Specificity** (directed against specific pathogens), **Memory** (responds quickly), **Discrimination** (learns self vs. foreign)

Humoral (antibody-mediated) Immunity

B cells become **plasma cells** and produce **antibodies (immunoglobulins)** to tag antigens for destruction

Vaccine

An agent of antigenic components of a killed or attenuated microorganisms injected to stimulate immunity

Anemia

Decreased RBC or amount of hemoglobin causing decreased O2 carrying capacity

Pernicious Anemia (PA)

Anemia caused by a **Vitamin B12 deficiency**

Sickle Cell Anemia

Genetic disorder where RBCs form a rigid **sickle shape** causing agglutination

Aplastic Anemia

**Bone marrow unable to produce sufficient** new RBCs, WBCs, and Platelets

Erythroblastosis Fetalis (HDN)

Hemolytic disease of the newborn caused by Rh antibodies from an Rh- mother attacking an Rh+ fetus's RBCs

Leukocytosis

WBC count **> 10,000/mm³**; usually indicates infection

Leukopenia

WBC count **< 5,000/mm³**; can be caused by viral infections

Leukemia

**Cancer of the blood forming tissues** producing a high number of abnormal leukocytes

Hemophilia A

Inherited disease (males) with deficiency in **coagulation factor VIII**

Embolus

A **Thrombus (clot) that breaks loose** and moves through the circulation

Thrombocytopenia

**Low platelet count**

Lymphadenopathy

**Enlarged lymph nodes**

Lymphoma

**Malignant growth of lymph organs**, usually the nodes

Hodgkin Lymphoma

Cancer spreads in an **orderly manner** to adjoining lymph nodes

Lymphedema

**Swelling of tissue due to abnormal lymphatic drainage**

Hypersensitivity

**Excessive immune response** to an antigen that is normally tolerated (e.g., allergies)

Autoimmune Disorders

Abnormal reactions of the immune system to **your own tissues** (e.g., Lupus, Type I DM)

Anaphylaxis

**Acute, immediate severe allergic reaction** that could lead to shock; treated with **epinephrine**

Immunodeficiency

**Deficient response of immune system** where it fails to respond vigorously enough

HIV/AIDS

Caused by **HIV** (a **Retrovirus**) that invades and destroys **helper T cells**

MRSA

**Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus**; a bacterium resistant to many common antibiotics

CBC

Diagnostic procedure: **Complete blood count**; measures types, numbers, and size of cells in the blood

Immunotherapy (Biologic Therapy)

Therapeutic procedure that **boosts body's natural defenses** against cancer

Anticoagulants

Pharmacology: Drugs that **decrease blood clot formation**

Immunosuppressant drugs

Pharmacology: Used to **prevent transplant rejection** and in chemotherapy

Antiretroviral treatment

Pharmacology: Used to treat **HIV/AIDS**