Medical Terminology (IPHY 2400) Exam 3

Orthopedics

The medical specialty that studies the anatomy and physiology of the skeletal and muscular systems

orth/0- : straight

ped/o- : child

-ics : knowledge; practice

Skeletal system (what is it and its function?)

- body system that supports the body, and its structures include the connective tissues of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints.

- functions: to provide support for the body and protection for the body's soft tissues and internal organs. The bones are also a storage site for calcium and phosphorous.

Axial skeleton

- the central structure around which other parts move

- consists of the head, neck, chest, and spinal bones

Appendicular skeleton

- the limbs.

- consists of the shoulder, arm, hip, and leg bones.

Bone tumors

1. osteoma

2. osteosarcoma

3. ewing sarcoma

Osteoma

benign growth

Osteosarcoma

malignant growth of osteoblasts

ewing sarcoma

malignant growth in young men; sarc/o- = connective tissue

Chondroma

Benign tumor of the cartilage.

chondr/o- = cartilage

-oma = tumor

Chondromalacia patellae

Abnormal softening of the patella due to thinning and uneven wear; caused by pulling of the thigh bone on the patella.

malac/o- = softening

-ia = condition

Fracture (FX, Fx)

- Broken bone caused by an accident, injury, or disease.

- No matter the cause of fracture, if the bone heals without treatment it may show malunion or malalignment.

- Some fractures are categorized by how the bone breaks.

Stress fractures

caused by force or torsion during a sport or activity

Pathologic fractures

caused by a disease process like osteoporosis.

Osetomalacia

Abnormal softening of the bone due to vitamin D deficiency or lack of sun exposure; causes rickets.

oste/o- = bone

malac/o- = softening

-ia = condition

Osteomyelitis

Infection of the bone and bone marrow when bacteria enter the bone following injury or surgery.

myel/o- = bone marrow

Osteoporosis

Abnormal thinning of the bone structure; bone breakdown exceeds bone formation and calcium and phosphorus are lost.

Pectus excavatum

Congenital deformity in which the sternum is bent inward creating a depression in the chest

Kyphosis

Abnormal posterior curvature of the thoracic spine; also called humpback

Lordosis

Abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine; also called swayback

Scoliosis

- Abnormal C- or S-shaped lateral curvature of the spine (see next slide)

- dextroscoliosis = right side

- levoscoliosis = left side

Ankylosing spondylitis

Chronic inflammation of the vertebrae that leads to fibrosis, fusion, and spinal motion restriction.

Sponydylolisthesis

Degenerative condition of the spine in which one vertebra moves anteriorly and slips out of alignment due to intervertebral disk degeneration, sports injury, or compression fracture of vertebrae.

Genu VALGUM

Congenital deformity in which the knees rotate toward the midline and the legs bend away from midline; knock-knee.

Genu VARUM

Congenital deformity in which the knees are abnormally far apart and the legs bend toward the midline; bowleg

Hallux valgus

Deformity in which the great toe (hallux) angles toward the other toes and there is swelling at the base; bunion.

Talipes equinovarus

Congenital deformity in which the foot is pulled downward and toward the midline; clubfoot

Arthralgia

Pain in the joint due to injury, inflammation, or infection from various causes.

arthr/o- = joint

alg/o- = pain

-ia = condition

Arthropathy

General term for disease of the joint from any cause.

Dislocation

Displacement of the end of a bone from its normal position in a joint; usually caused by trauma but can occur in the hip of the newborn.

Gout

Metabolic disorder in which high uric acid levels cause pain in the joint; most often occurs in the great toe.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

- Acute and chronic inflammatory disease of the connective tissue, particularly the joints.

- It is an autoimmune condition in which the body's own antibodies attack cartilage and tissue.

- Joints are red and swollen with progressive deformity.

Osteoarthritis (OA)

Chronic inflammation, pain, and stiffness in the joints as cartilage wears away and bone rubs on bone.

Sprain

Overstretching or tearing of ligaments around a joint.

Subluxation

- Partial dislocation with slight displacement of bone ends from the joint.

- The difference between a subluxation and a dislocation is the degree of separating of the articulating bones (subluxation is partial, dislocation is complete)

Torn meniscus

A tear in the cartilage pad in the knee joint because of an injury.

Hemarthrosis

A condition of blood in the joint cavity, usually due to blunt trauma or penetrating injury.

Rheumatoid factor (RF)

Blood test that is usually positive in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Uric acid

Blood test that shows an elevated level in patients with gout and gouty arthritis

X-ray

Most common diagnostic procedure for the skeletal system; the primary means for diagnosing fractures, dislocations, and bone tumors.

Bone density tests

Measure bone mineral density (BMD) to diagnose osteoporosis.

Cast

A layer of plaster or fiberglass applied around a fractured bone to immobilize the bone as it heals.

Closed reduction

A procedure in which bone ends in a displaced fracture are manually manipulated back into place; often followed with a cast.

Goniometry

A procedure that measures the angle of a joint and its range of motion (ROM)

goni/o- = angle

-metry = process of measuring

Orthosis

An orthopedic device like a brace or splint that is used to keep a body part straight and immobile.

Physical therapy (PT)

- Exercise that improves a patient's range of motion (ROM), joint mobility, strength, and balance.

- Active exercises are done by the patient.

- Passive exercises are done by the therapist.

Traction

- A procedure that uses weight to pull the bone ends of a fracture into correct alignment.

- Skin traction uses wraps or straps.

- Skeletal traction uses surgically inserted pins or wires.

Prosthesis

An orthopedic device like a leg or arm that is created for a patient following an amputation. Greek for in addition, to place

Analgesics

Treat pain associated with bone injury or surgery.

Bone resorption inhibitors

Prevent osteoclasts from breaking down bone to treat osteoporosis.

Corticosteroids

Decrease severe inflammation.

Gold compound drugs

Inhibit immune response to treat rheumatoid arthritis; contain real gold.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs)

Treat inflammation and pain from osteoarthritis (OA) and orthopedic injury.

Amputation

- Removal of all or part of an extremity damaged by trauma or disease.

- Below the knee (BKA) = performed at the level of the tibia and fibula

- Above the knee (AKA) = performed at the level of the femur

Arthrocentesis

Removal of accumulated fluid from an injured joint using a needle inserted in the joint space.

Arthrodesis

Fusion of bones in a deteriorated, unstable joint.

Arthroscopy

Visualization of the inside of a joint using an arthroscope inserted into the joint.

Bone graft

- Replacement of bone severely damaged due to bone cancer.

- Types

1. autograft

2. allograft

Autograft

patients own bone

auto-: self

Allograft

cadaver bone

all/o-: other

Bunionectomy

Removal of a bunion that has formed on the metatarsal bone at the base of the great toe.

Cartilage transplantation

Replacement of damaged cartilage in active middle-aged adults; alternative to knee replacement.

External fixation

Treatment for complicated fractures; an external device is placed on the bone and secured with metal pins that immobilize the fracture.

Joint replacement surgery (arthroplasty)

- Replacement of a joint destroyed by trauma or osteoarthritis (OA) with a metal or plastic prosthesis.

- In the hip, this is total hip replacement (THR).

- The head of the patient's femur is removed and replaced.

- A cup replaces the patient's acetabulum.

Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF)

- Treatment for a complicated fracture.

- In open reduction, an incision is made at the fracture site and the bone pieces are realigned.

- In the internal fixation, screws and plates are used to hold the bone in anatomical alignment.

BMD

bone mineral density

DJD

degenerative joint disease

OA

osteoarthritis

RA

rheumatoid arthritis

ROM

range of motion

Muscular System

- The muscular system consists of muscles, tendons, and related structures throughout the body.

- the system's primary functions are to help maintain body position and produce movements of the bony framework.

- Because of its close relationship with the bones, the muscular system is sometimes also called the musculoskeletal system.

Atrophy

Loss of bulk in one or more muscles.

a- = away from, without

troph/o- = development

-ic = pertaining to

Avulsion

Condition in which a muscle tears away from a tendon or a tendon tears away from a bone.

a- = away from

vuls/o- = tear

-ion = condition

Compartment syndrome

Condition in which severe injury causes bleeding and the fascia acts as a compartment, holding in accumulated blood and placing pressure on surrounding tissues.

Contracture

Condition in which a muscle becomes progressively more flexed and eventually"sticks" in a nearly immovable position

Fibromylagia

Condition associated with pain at specific trigger points in the muscles of the neck, hips, and back.

fibr/o- = fiber

my/o- = muscle

alg/o- = pain

-ia = condition

Hyperextension-hyperflexion injury

- Injury that occurs when a person's head snaps backward and then forward in response to a sudden change in speed.

- Associated with car accidents.

- Involves muscle strain, muscle tear, and/or nerve damage.

- Also called acceleration-deceleration injury or whiplash

Muscle contusion

Bleeding inside a muscle due to blunt trauma; also called a bruise

contus/o- = bruise

Muscle spasm

- Painful but temporary condition in which a muscle suddenly, severely, and involuntarily contracts.

- Commonly called a muscle cramp.

- Known as torticollis when it occurs in the neck.

tort/i- = twisted position

-collis = condition of the neck

Muscle strain

Overstretching or tearing of a muscle or tendon; also called a pulled muscle

Muscular dystrophy

- Group of muscle diseases caused by a mutation in the gene for the protein dystrophin.

- Without dystrophin, muscles progressively weaken and atrophy.

- Most common form is Duchenne's muscular dystrophy

dys- = abnormal

-trophy = process of development

Myalgia

- Pain in a muscle due to injury or muscle disease.

- General category with many causes.

- Polymyalgia is pain in several muscle groups.

my/o- = muscle

-alg/o- = pain

-ia = condition

Myopathy

- General category that includes many different muscle diseases.

my/o- = muscle

-pathy = disease

Myasthenia gravis

- Autoimmune disorder in which the body produces antibodies against acetylcholine receptors on the muscle fibers.

-Destruction of receptors causes abnormal, rapid muscle fatigue.

- Weakness worsens during the day but is relieved by rest

Blepharoptosis

- droopy eyelid

- is acommon sign of Myasthenia Gravis

Myositis

- Inflammation of a muscle with localized swelling or tenderness; caused by injury, strain, or disease.

- Polymyositis involves widespread inflammation with weakness and fatigue

Repetitive strain injury (RSI)

Injury to muscles, tendons, and/or nerves resulting from repetitive movements over an extended period of time; also called cumulative trauma disorder

Rhabdomyoma

A benign tumor of the muscle. This tumor contains immature rod-shaped cells in the muscle

rhabd/o- = rod shaped

my/o- = muscle

-oma = mass or tumor

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Cancerous tumor of the muscle; usually found in children and young adults

Rotator cuff tear

A tear in the rotator muscles of the shoulder that surround the humerus; usually occurs from trauma or repetitive overuse

Ataxia

in coordination of the muscles during movement, especially when walking

Bradykinesia

Abnormally slow muscle movements or a decrease in the number of spontaneous movements; usually associated with Parkinson disease.

brady- = slow

kines/o- = movement

-ia = condition

Dyskinesia

Abnormal motions that occur because of difficulty controlling the voluntary muscles; may include tics, spasms, jerking, or slow writhing of the hands.

dys- = abnormal

kines/o- = movement

-ia = condition

Hyperkinesis

An abnormally increased amount of muscle movements

Restless leg syndrome

Uncomfortable restlessness and twitching of the leg muscles along with tingling, aching, or crawling-insect sensations; usually occurs at night

Tremor

Small, involuntary, back-and-forth movements of the hands, head, jaw, or extremities that are continuous and cannot be controlled

Bursitis

Inflammation of the bursal sac due to repetitive muscle contractions or pressure on the bone underneath the bursa

Dupuytren contracture

Progressive disease in which thickening and shortening of the fascia in the palm causes a contracture and flexion deformity of the finger

Epicondylitis

Inflammation of muscles and tendons that originate on the bone protrusion on either side of the distal humerus

Lateral epicondylitis

- tennis elbow

- pain on the outside of the elbow

Medial epicondylitis

- golfer's elbow or pitcher's elbow

- pain on the inside of the elbow