• Presentation and display of quantitative data: graphs, tables, scattergrams, bar charts, histograms. •

What is Presentation of Quantitative Data?

• Organising numerical data clearly using visual displays.

Why is Quantitative Data Presented Visually?

• Helps identify patterns.
• Helps compare results clearly.
• Makes findings easier to communicate.

What are Tables?

• Organised displays of data using rows and columns.

Strengths of Tables

• Organise large amounts of data clearly.
• Easy to compare values.

Limitations of Tables

• Patterns harder to identify visually.
• Less visually engaging than graphs.

What are Graphs?

• Visual displays of data showing relationships or patterns.

Why are Graphs useful?

• Patterns and trends easier to identify visually.

What is a Bar Chart?

• Graph using separate bars to display categorical or discrete data.

Why do Bars not touch in Bar Charts?

• Categories are separate and discrete.

Features of Bar Charts

• Separate bars.
• Equal width bars.
• Labelled axes.

Strengths of Bar Charts

• Easy to compare categories.
• Simple to construct and interpret.

Limitations of Bar Charts

• Limited detail about distribution of data.
• Less useful for continuous data.

What is a Histogram?

• Graph displaying continuous data using touching bars.

Why do Bars touch in Histograms?

• Data is continuous.

Features of Histograms

• Touching bars.
• Continuous data.
• Grouped intervals.

Strengths of Histograms

• Shows spread and distribution of continuous data clearly.
• Useful for large sets of numerical data.

Limitations of Histograms

• Harder to interpret than bar charts.
• Exact individual scores not shown.

Difference between Bar Charts and Histograms

• Bar charts display discrete data using separated bars.
• Histograms display continuous data using touching bars.

What is a Scattergram?

• Graph displaying relationship between two co-variables.

What does each Dot represent on Scattergram?

• One participant’s score on both co-variables.

What does a Positive Correlation look like on Scattergram?

• Dots slope upwards from left to right.

What does a Negative Correlation look like on Scattergram?

• Dots slope downwards from left to right.

What does Zero Correlation look like on Scattergram?

• Dots randomly scattered with no clear pattern.

Strengths of Scattergrams

• Clearly show direction and strength of correlations.
• Easy to identify patterns between co-variables.

Limitations of Scattergrams

• Cannot establish cause and effect.
• Weak correlations may be difficult to interpret.

What are Axes on Graphs?

• Horizontal and vertical lines used to label graph variables.

What is the X-axis?

• Horizontal axis on graph.

What is the Y-axis?

• Vertical axis on graph.

What should good Graphs include?

• Title.
• Labelled axes.
• Appropriate scale.

Difference between Tables and Graphs

• Tables show precise numerical values.
• Graphs make patterns easier to identify visually.

Difference between Scattergrams and Bar Charts

• Scattergrams show correlations between co-variables.
• Bar charts compare categories or groups.