APHUG Exam

Space

The geometric surface of the earth

Activity Space

Space used for a human activity on a daily basis

Place

An area on earth’s surface that is bounded and of some human importance

Sequent Occupancy

Succession of groups and cultural influences over a place’s history; the idea that landscapes show evidence of all historical occupants

Relative Scale/Scale of Analysis

AKA level of aggregation; level at which you group things for examination

Culture Region Boundaries

Fuzzy, unclear borders

Political Region Boundaries

Finite, well defined

Environmental Region Boundaries

Transitional and measureable

Ecotone

Environmental transition zone between two bioregions

North and South Poles

At 90 degrees Latitude

Relative Location

Location relative to known place or geogrpahic feature

Linear Absolute Distance

Distance between two places measured in linear units (ex. kilometers, miles)

Distance Decay

The farther away things are, the less likely they are to interact

Tobler’s Law

All places are interrelated, but closer ones are more related than farther ones

Friction of Distance

Length of distance that becomes a factor inhibiting interaction between points

Space-Time Compresion

Decreased time and relative distance between places (ex. technological advancements making it easier to get from place to place)

Human-Environmental Transportation

The effect humans have on their environment, and vice versa

Central Place Theory

Developed in 1930s by Walter Christaller; holds that all market areas are focused on a central settlement that is a place of exchange and service provision

Agglomeration

Clustering occurs purposefully around a central point or economic growth pole

Sinuous pattern

Wavy lines

Rectilinear township and range

Surveys land based on lines of latitude and longitude

Long-lot

Grouping and surveying land in rectangular lots along a road or waterway

Spacial Analysis

Mathematical analysis of one or more quantitative geographic patterns

Topographic maps

Show natural landscape features (elevation, road, buildings, etc.)

Isoline maps

Lines drawn on a map connecting data pointsof the same value

Flow-line Maps

Use arrows to show flow of information; thicker = more

Cartograms

Use simplified shapes to represent real places; present information based on data rather than landscape

Linear map scale

Expresses distance on a map surface

Equal-area Projections

Attempt to preserve relative distances and sizes, distort shapes

Conformal Projections

Attempt to preserve shape, distort relative distance and size (ex. Mercator Projection, preserves compass direction)

Robinson Projection

Round and simple

Goode Homolosine Projection

Balances area and form

Remote Sensing Satellites

Use computerized scanners to record data on earth’s surface

Population Doubling Time

70 / NIR

Level of Aggregation

Level at which you group things for examination

Human-Environment Relationships (Human Ecology)

Human interactions with nature (ex. farming, forestry, fisheries)

Conservation Agriculture

New sustainable farming system (ex. no-tillage, crop rotation, interplanting crops)

Sustainable Yield

Quantity of crops/animals that can be raised without endangering local resources

Linguistic Region

Everyone speaks the same language, but culture may vary (ex. US and Australia)

“Dixie Region” of the US

Fuzzy region, disagreed upon due to multiple imprecise factors

Topographic maps

maps that show contour lines of elevation and landscape features

Isoline maps

Lines drawn on a map connecting data points of different

Cyclic Migration

Movement that has a closed route and is repeated seasonally

Continental Cuisine

Food traditions emerging from 1800s Europe

Nouvelle Cuisine

Contemporary version of continental cuisine with healthier sauces (from France, Spain, and Italy)

Haute Cuisine

“High cooking” where a main meat course served with sauce and a side dish

Fusion Cuisine

More than one global cuisine combined into one dish

Modern/contemporary architecture

Buildings are simple and geometrical; quick and efficient to build

Traditional architecture

Reflects local lture’s history, eliefs, and values in the environment

Dialect

Pronunciation, grammar, and vocab variation in a language

Pidgin Language

A grammatically simplified version of a language that develops as a means of communication between speakers of different languages.

Creole Language

A language that is a mixture of two or more languages

Patois

Dialect that blends elements from different languages

Language family

Languages related through a common ancestral language

Language group

Languages within a branch that re an origin in the recent past

Language branch/subgroup

Collection of languages that are an origin from thousands of years ago

Anatolian Theory

Indo-European speakers ffused peacefully west with the Neolithic advance of farming

Kurgan Theory

Indo-European speakers ad west from Central Asia through conquering

Scripture

Sacred writing or books of a religion

Denomination

Subgroup within larger religious branch

Compromising religion

Religion with the ability to form or integrate other beliefs

Fundamentalism

Strict adherence to a group’s “principles” of religion

Proselytic Religion

A religion that is universalizing and seeking to convert people

Shaman

A spiritual leader or healer

Shamanism

When people commicate with spirits or the spiritual world

Caste System

Rigid inherited social class that one cannot change throughout life

Cosmology

The study of origin, properties, and evolution of the universe

Varna

4 social classes in India relating to the caste system

Theocracy

Government led by religious leaders

Secular

Not governing in a religious manner

5 Pillars of Islam

One: Five Daily Prayers

Two: Islamic Creed

Three: Alms to the poor

Four: Observance of Ramadan

Five: The Hajj (Pilgrimage to Mecca)

Ethnicity

A group of people that share common cultural traditions

Race

A group of people descended from a shared biological ancestor

Nation vs State

A nation is a large group of people united by shared culture, a state is a tically organized territory with a government

Mestizo

A person of mixed European and indigenous descent

Creole person

A person of mixed indigenous and African or European descent

Ethnocentrism

The belief in the superiority of one’s own cultural group

Xenophobia

Fear of foreigners

Cultural relativism

That cultures can only be understood their own context

Acculturation

The adoption of new culture while keeping one’s original culture

Assimilation

Immigrants fully integrate themselves into a new country’s culture

Native American Depopulation Model

Explains the decline in African American populations after European contact; by William Denevan

Confederation

A form of government where the national government gets its powers from the states

Republic

A form of government where citizens elect representatives

Expatriates

Individuals living in a foreign country

Perforated state

State surrounding another state

Prorupted state

An otherwise compact state with a large protruding extension

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

Allows sole use of sea 200 miles from shore for commercial purposes

Territorial Sea

Area from shore out 12 nautical miles

Antecedent Boundaries

Boundaries that are drawn well before the area is populated

Relic Boundaries

Former boundary lines that still have cultural meaning

Subsequent Boundaries

Boundaries that result from a cultural divide or change

Boundary Defition

When borders are claimed, negotiated, or captured

Delimination

When border lines are drawn on a map

Demarcation

When markers are placed on the ground to show where borders lie

Geometric border

A border surveyed along lines of latitude and longitude

Definition Border Disputes

Disputes about where the border is

Locational border disputes

Disputes that arise when the border moves

Operational Border Disputes

Disputes that arise when passage across the border becomes a problem

Allocational Border Disputes

Disputes about shared resources are used