Glorious Revolution of 1688

Why was it Glorious?

- William and Mary bring back a different branch of the family

- Bill of Rights LIMITED POWER of the monarch

- Agreed to come to power knowing they would be limited

- Break with age of Feudalism toward modern revolution and scientific revolution

Age of Feudalism

between 800-1000 a time where the church and the noble men are powerful and the kings are weak

- the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection

Why was it Glorious?

- William and Mary bring back a different branch of the family

- Bill of Rights LIMITED POWER of the monarch

- Agreed to come to power knowing they would be limited

- Break with age of Feudalism toward modern revolution and scientific revolution

Age of Feudalism

between 800-1000 a time where the church and the noble men are powerful and the kings are weak

- the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection

English Civil War (1642-1649)

The English Civil War tested whether sovereignty in England was to reside in the king or in the Parliament. The civil war did not resolve that problem, however, although it ended in 1649 with the execution of King Charles I on the charge of treason-a severe blow to the theory of divine right monarchy. It separated two monarchial periods.

- Bloodies war ever in Britian

- Nobel family leaders killed

- 10,000 killed

Why couldn't Mary become Queen?

Male succession was crucial (primogenitor) they had bad previous experience with Mary (Tudor and Bloody Mary)

Reign of Charles II

Clashed with parliament about money

- Anglican Church (1660-1685)

James VII and II

- Charles II brother

- Catholic

- Wanted to keep him from the throne

- 1678 Popish Plot led to the Exclusion Crisis of 1679

Popish Plot (1678)

A fictitious conspiracy concocted by Titus Oates that between 1678 and 1681 gripped the kingdom of England and scotland in ant- catholic hysteria

- sparked struggle between Charles and parliament

Exclusion Crisis (1679-81)

House of Commons passed bill that excluded James from succession and substitute with Charles illegitimate son Duke of Monmonth... so in order to restore legitimacy of succession James dissolved parliament

- Led to formation of political parties in England consisting of Aristocracy and gentry

- Whigs and Tories

- Charles resisted joining either party

Whigs

- Protestant

- Scotland

- Opposed royal absolutism

- limited monarchy

- individual liberties (private property)

- Favor commercial sector

- Catholicism meant popery and led to absolutism

Tories

- Divine right monarchy

- maintaining order

- national rulers aristocracy and gentry

- saw themselves as defenders of societal harmony

- established church created unity

- saw crown and Anglican church as pillars of social order and peace

Gentry

people of good social position, specifically (in the UK) the class of people next below the nobility in position and birth

Aristocracy

A government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility

What was Charles response to the parties?

Used his powers to revise voting of the Boroughs to favor him politically

- win control of militia and local government by purging whigs from ranks

- these actions scared both parties but tories still supported the king

Whigs and tories rebel 1685-1688

- Charles dies and James succeeds

- Charles son Duke of Monmonth claims James took the throne from him and his occupancy of the throne threatened protestant religion and rights of Englishmen (resonated with puritanism)

- Monmonth's rebellion fails and shows the nations support landed with James

how did James view opposition?

He saw it as a harbinger of rebellion

- he was Catholic and viewed protestants as heretics

- to protect Catholicism in England he would have to move swiftly to establish it on a secure basis... free from Penal laws

- He favored Catholics

Test Act of 1673

Law prohibiting Catholics and dissenters to hold political office.

- Religious tests for public office and imposed various disabilities for Roman Catholics and nonconformists

Military Expansion under James

Expand to 40,000

- had soldiers stay in people's inns and taverns

how did English protestants view the actions of King James?

The saw the actions as a threat to private property right

Spring 1687

James issues declaration of Indulgence enforcing the Test Act

- 75% of government officials lose jobs

Only reason the protestants accepted him was because his heirs were protestant but with his pregnant wife it cause concern so AS A RESULT... Tories and Whigs told William of Orange to come to England and assist solving problems with James called the "the Invitation of 7"

William II and Revolution in England

Believed God assigned him to defeat Catholic France but not diminish the power of the English Crown

- Evade Civil war and have Mary succeed

- October 30 William's army takes off

- Lists of their Cause: James attacked the Church of England, Parliamentary boroughs and too elitist

- Whig support William

- People joined him both with the Aristocracy and gentry

- James's army suffers desertions and could lose they retreat and he loses the crown

What happens in January of 1689?

Assembles Parliament

who was the Monarch and by what right?

- Answered with William should run country but not the king

- Whigs: social contract made between king and people

- Tories: Wanted legit success no elected Monarch

RESULT: William and Mary succeeded the crown jointly because a woman could not be in charge

Revolution Statement

- Along with the crown Parliament gave William and Mary the Declaration of Rights (BOR)

- Prevented Monarchy from being too restrictive on the powers of the parliament and not repeat James

- Civil relief rather than civil rights

Revoultion in Ireland 1688-1691 (CHARLES II)

Protestants controlled Catholic Land

- land and religion

- Espicopal and Presbyterian tried to establish but failed

Revolution in Ireland 1688-1691 (JAMES)

Catholicizing Policy

- Peerage: title and rank of peers

- Tyrconnell implemented the policies celebrated by Roman Catholics and terrified protestants so he raise an army and staffed Roman Catholics into jobs

- William invades and Civil war begins, many die and protestants win

Irish parliament

- Anti English and land hungry

- Took land from protestants and ended protestant and meant to end domination of Ireland but Williams army strengthened

At which Battle did the Irish Surrender?

Battle of Boyne

- William lands

Treaty of Limerick

1691

- ended war in Ireland

- protection of Property for James. supporters William and Mary passed it but Irish Parliament (protestants) refused to accept it

Penal Codes Against Irish Catholics

- Aimed to crush Irish gentry so they could not buy land

- Could not send kids abroad to school or enter professions or vote

- Catholic bishops banished

Scotland Revoultion to Unity

Biggest problem was Church of Scotland was Episcopalian

- James fore faulted his crown so William and Mary ruled jointly and abolished the Episcopalian Church in favor of an established Presbryterian said the Scottish Parliament

RESULT: Militants formed

What did the Scottish militias do in response to William?

Build for in the Highlands and sought to bribe clan chiefs into loyalty

Implementer: Sir John Doyle siad Clan must take oath of alligence to the king at deadline and if they did not there would be punishment

- troops slaughtered men, women, children

What happened in Scotland in 1690?

Famine and economic crisis

- led people to believe England and Scotland could not exist together

- Scottish parliament wanted independent Monarch

Act of Union (1707)

Scotland and England joined to create Great Britain in order for the Scots to benefit from English trade

- people retained their sense of national Identity and this would cause trouble

Financial Crisis (1694)

National debt rising because of wars so they created a bank to help mobilize credit for government created by parliament called bank of England

- PAPER MONEY CREATED! DOLLA DOLLA BILLS YALL!!!