Psychoanalysis

Who is Sigmund Freud and when was he born?

Sigmund Freud was born in 1856 in what is now the Czech Republic.

Where did Freud spend much of his life?

Freud spent much of his life in Vienna.

What significant event occurred in Freud's education in 1885?

Freud received a grant from the University of Vienna to study in Paris with Jean-Martin Charcot.

What technique did Freud learn from Charcot?

Freud learned the hypnotic technique to treat hysteria.

What was Freud's stance on the nature of hysteria?

Freud believed hysteria was psychologically generated.

What was the purpose of Freud's 'Project For a Scientific Psychology'?

The purpose was to explain psychological phenomena in purely neuro-physical terms.

What does Freud believe is the basic drive in human behavior?

Freud believed the basic drive is to minimize stimulation within the nervous system.

What are the three foci of libido according to Freud?

The three foci of libido are the genitals, the mouth, and the anus.

What two reasons caused Freud to move away from mechanistic explanations of the mind?

He could not explain consciousness through neural activity and could not account for mechanisms such as repression.

Who was Josef Breuer and how did he influence Freud?

Josef Breuer was a fellow physician who taught Freud about catharsis and the efficacy of free association.

What was the significance of Anna O. in Freud's work?

Anna O. was a patient treated by Breuer whose case illustrated the effectiveness of talk therapy and the concept of psychogenesis.

What did Breuer claim about the treatment of Anna O.?

Breuer claimed that by talking with Anna, she could trace her symptoms back to their origin, leading to their disappearance.

What was the outcome of Anna O.'s treatment?

Anna O. was institutionalized four times before her symptoms abated in the early 1890s.

What did Breuer and Freud conclude about hysteria in their work 'Studies in Hysteria'?

They concluded that hysterics suffer mainly from reminiscences that linger in repressed form in the unconscious.

What was the nature of the collaboration between Freud and Breuer?

Freud and Breuer collaborated on 'Studies in Hysteria' but eventually broke apart due to differing views.

What did Breuer's treatment reveal about Anna O.'s feelings?

Breuer claimed that 'talk therapy' revealed erotic feelings Anna held for her therapist.

What was Freud's view on the relationship between hysteria and physical conditions?

Freud and Breuer saw hysteria as a product of psychogenesis but were reluctant to deny any physical connection.

What was Freud's marital status and who did he marry?

Freud married Martha Bernays in 1886 after a courtship of four years.

How did Freud's upbringing influence his personality?

Freud was indulged by his mother and grew up confident.

What was Freud's view on the relationship between pain and nervous energy?

Freud believed that pain accompanies an increase in nervous energy, while pleasure accompanies its diminution.

What did Freud hypothesize about the ego's role?

Freud hypothesized that the ego mediates and allocates psychophysical energy.

What was Freud's view on the hypnotic state by the time of Charcot's death?

Freud's lectures on hypnosis were met with ambivalence, and hypnosis began to fade with Charcot's death in 1893.

What was Freud's perception of consciousness?

Freud struggled to explain consciousness through neural activity.

What did Freud believe about the relationship between internal and external stimuli?

Freud believed that people have internally driven stimuli (like hunger) and externally driven needs (like desire) that affect their behavior.

What significant collaboration ended after the publication of Studies in Hysteria?

The collaboration between Freud and Breuer.

Who became Freud's associate and sounding-board after 1887?

Wilhelm Fleiss.

What was Freud's Seduction Theory?

The belief that all hysterics had reported experiences of sexual trauma as children, which he initially thought was the basis of hysteria.

What led Freud to abandon the Seduction Theory?

1. It did not enable him to treat any patients. 2. Many men would have to be perverts due to the widespread incidents of hysteria. 3. The unconscious mind cannot distinguish fiction from reality. 4. Unconscious memories of psychotic patients rarely revealed early childhood sexual experiences.

What therapeutic method did Freud propose as an alternative to the Seduction Theory?

Free Association, also known as the 'talking cure'.

What year did Freud deliver his paper entitled 'The Aetiology of Hysteria'?

1896

What personal event affected Freud deeply in 1896?

The death of his father.

What is the title of Freud's work published in 1900 that focused on dream analysis?

The Interpretation of Dreams.

What two types of content does Freud distinguish in dreams?

Manifest Content and Latent Content.

What does Manifest Content refer to in dream analysis?

The surface of the dream, which is often disjointed and nonsensical.

What does Latent Content represent in Freud's dream analysis?

The underlying meaning and personal significance of the dream.

What concept does Freud propose regarding dreams?

Every dream represents wish fulfillment, symbolically expressing a wish that cannot be openly expressed.

What is Displacement in the context of Freud's dream analysis?

The process where the psychic energy of the latent content is shifted onto more neutral ideas in the manifest content.

What was the impact of the publication of The Interpretation of Dreams on Freud's career?

It led to recognition and the publication of other significant works.

What were some of Freud's other works published after The Interpretation of Dreams?

On Dreams (1901), Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1901), and Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905).

What society did Freud help found in 1908?

The Vienna Psychoanalytic Society.

What event in 1909 involved Freud and his followers?

They traveled to the United States at the invitation of G. Stanley Hall at Clark University.

What was Freud's opinion of the United States?

He did not think highly of it, although psychoanalysis was embraced there.

What organization did Freud and his followers establish in 1910?

The International Psychoanalytic Association.

Who was the president of the International Psychoanalytic Association?

Carl Jung.

What concern did Freud have regarding the perception of psychoanalysis?

He feared it was becoming 'too Jewish'.

What characterized Freud's relationship with Carl Jung?

They had a productive correspondence that later ended in a messy break.

What challenges did Freud face during World War I?

The notes do not specify, but it indicates that it was a difficult time for him.

What was the impact of the war years on Freud's personal relationships?

The war years resulted in the destruction of relationships and estrangement, although his relationship with British Ernest Jones survived.

What health issue did Freud face after the war?

Freud was diagnosed with oral cancer in 1923 and underwent a series of surgeries that left him with debilitating pain.

How did Freud's relationship with Anna Freud evolve?

Freud and Anna developed a closer relationship, with Anna acting as a surrogate wife and sharing his interest in psychoanalysis.

What significant works did Freud write during the 1920s?

Freud wrote 'Beyond the Pleasure Principle' (1920), where he introduced the concept of death energy (Thanatos), and 'Civilization and Its Discontents' (1929), analyzing neuroses as the price of civilization.

What is Freud's mixed legacy in psychology?

Freud's legacy is mixed due to questions about the efficacy of psychoanalysis and the lack of laboratory support for many of his hypotheses.

What criticisms have been raised regarding Freud's observations?

Freud's observations were based on non-representative patients and lacked laboratory validation, leading some to label his work as pseudo-science.

What is the tripartite division of personality in Freud's theory?

While there are clues suggesting some validity to the tripartite division of personality, it remains largely unproven.

What is Freud's stance on religion?

Freud struggled with religion, which caused him significant anxiety, but there is no clear answer as to why.

What was Anna Freud's birth year and significance?

Anna Freud was born in 1895, the same year 'Studies in Hysteria' was published, and she later described psychoanalysis as her twin.

What challenges did Anna Freud face in her childhood?

Anna Freud had an unhappy childhood, feeling unwanted and struggling with depression and eating disorders.

How did Anna Freud's relationship with her father influence her career?

Anna Freud was influenced by her father's work and eventually took on the role of his public face, giving speeches on his behalf.

What was Anna Freud's educational background?

Anna Freud's formal education was limited; she never finished school and worked briefly as a teacher.

What ethical breach occurred in Anna Freud's analysis?

Freud analyzed Anna starting in 1918, which was considered a tremendous breach of ethics.

What was Anna Freud's role in the Vienna Psychoanalytical Society?

Anna Freud was accepted into the Vienna Psychoanalytical Society in 1922 and served as her father's secretary and assistant.

How did Anna Freud's views differ from the British school of psychoanalysis?

Anna Freud clashed with the British school, which insisted that children be analyzed to prevent future problems, while most of Freud's circle disagreed.

What was the significance of Anna Freud's work with children?

Anna Freud worked with children, an area her father had neglected, and her work was seen as having some efficacy in psychoanalysis.

What was the nature of Anna Freud's relationship with her father's circle?

Anna Freud felt jealousy towards other women in her father's life and was often blocked from romantic interests by her father.

How did Freud's thoughts align with the pessimism of the 1920s?

Freud's thoughts resonated with the deep pessimism of the 1920s, particularly in his writings about civilization and neuroses.

What was Freud's belief about parapraxes (Freudian slips)?

Freud believed that parapraxes represented wish fulfillment, a claim that has been largely discredited.

What was the public perception of Freud's theories during his time?

Freud's theories were seen as reflections of the beliefs and prejudices of his time, leading to skepticism about their scientific validity.

What role did Anna Freud play as her father's health declined?

As Freud aged and became debilitated, Anna assumed more public responsibilities, representing him in speeches.

What was the nature of Anna Freud's jealousy?

Anna Freud gauged the women in her father's life by her feelings of jealousy, indicating a complex emotional dynamic.

What was the significance of Anna Freud's relationship with her father's legacy?

Anna Freud's work and independence were encouraged by her father, who wanted her to develop her own identity beyond being known as his daughter.

What was Sigmund Freud's view on children as patients?

Freud did not see children as patients and did not offer childcare advice.

How did Freud believe children should learn about sex?

Freud believed children should learn gradually about sex from an early age.

Who is considered the founder of child analysis according to Anna Freud?

Anna Freud claimed to be the founder of child analysis.

What significant publication established Anna Freud's reputation?

The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense (1936) established her reputation.

What was the focus of Anna Freud's work during World War II?

Anna Freud and Dorothy Burlingham operated a clinic for children whose parents were engaged in war work.

What did Anna Freud conclude about the child's relationship with parents?

She concluded that the child's relationship with the mother took precedence over that of the father.

What was Anna Freud's skepticism regarding psychoanalysis for children?

Anna Freud was skeptical that children could be psychoanalyzed due to their enmeshment with families.

What aspect of development did Anna Freud believe should be emphasized in psychoanalysis?

She believed psychoanalysis should emphasize the 'normal' rather than the neurotic.

What is the main focus of Anna Freud's Ego Psychology?

She focused on the ego's unconscious, defensive operations and introduced many theoretical and clinical considerations.

What did Anna Freud argue about the ego in her 1936 publication?

She argued that the ego was predisposed to supervise, regulate, and oppose the id through various defenses.

What types of defenses did Anna Freud catalog in her work?

She cataloged regression, repression, reaction formation, isolation, undoing, projection, introjection, turning against the self, reversal, and sublimation.

What was the relationship between Anna Freud's work and her father's writings?

Anna Freud relied on her father's writings as the principal authoritative source for her theoretical insights.

What was Alfred Adler's background?

Alfred Adler was born in 1870 in a village near Vienna, with a mother who was a homemaker and a father who was a grain merchant.

How did Adler's childhood experiences shape his views on life?

Adler's sickly childhood and comparisons with his successful brother defined much of his view of life.

What significant change did Adler make in his religious beliefs?

Adler converted to Protestantism in 1904.

What motivated Adler to become a physician?

His desire to overcome obstacles and death led him to pursue a medical career.

What was the original name of the group that included Adler and Freud?

The group was originally known as the Wednesday Psychological Society.

What was Adler's view on the foundation of psychoanalysis?

Adler believed psychoanalysis should rest on a foundation broader than infant sexuality.

What key concept did Adler present in 1911 that led to his clash with Freud?

Adler presented the view that the drive for superiority was a greater basic motive than sexuality.

What was the outcome of Adler's clash with Freud?

Adler resigned from the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society due to their disagreements.

What organization did Adler form that later changed its name?

The Society for Free Psychoanalytic Study, later changed to the Society for Individual Psychology.

Where did Adler teach after moving to the U.S.?

Columbia University.

What is the main focus of Adler's Individual Psychology?

The individual's style of life.

How does Adler view humans in terms of social interaction?

As social creatures who feel a oneness with all of mankind.

What is the dynamic force in Adler's psychology?

The striving for growth and the forward movement of life.

What does Adler believe motivates human behavior?

The drive for success or superiority.

What activates feelings of inferiority according to Adler?

Deficiencies that all people have.

At what age does Adler believe individuals can set their goals using their creative power?

Around the age of five years.

What does Adler's concept of 'Style of Life' reflect?

An individual's unique, unconscious, and repetitive way of responding to life's main tasks: friendship, love, and work.

What are the four styles of life identified by Adler?

Ruling Type, Getting Type, Avoiding Type, and Socially Useful Type.