WHAP Chapter 29 Overview

what religion had come to russia in the 10th century from the byzantine empire?

christianity.

what family ruled russia from 1613 to 1917? must know!

the romanov.

what type of labor did russia depend upon until the mid-19th century? must know!

the agricultural labor of unfree serfs.

what dominated russian economy until the mid-20th century?

agriculture.

who conquered kiev in the 1200s and collected tribute for 250 years?

nomadic mongols.

who stopped paying tribute to the mongol khan in 1480?

ivan III, the grand prince of moscow (reigned 1462-1505), later known as ivan the great.

who fashioned moscow into a powerful state?

ivan III.

who were the cossacks?

a turkish word meaning "free men", they were peasants that ivan recruited to consolidate his hold over his territorial acquisitions by offering them freedom to settle in recently conquered lands. they played a huge role in the expansion of the russian empire.

what byzantine title did ivan begin to call himself?

tsar (sometimes spelled czar)—a russianized form of the word caesar, which byzantine rulers had borrowed from the classical roman empire to signify their imperial status.

what two institutions was ivan III the head of?

the state and the church.

what church worked harmoniously with the muscovite (moscow's) state?

the russian orthodox church.

what city was known as the "third rome"?

moscow.

what did the "dog's head & broom" symbolize concerning the oprichniki?

their determination to "hunt down" treason and "sweep" it out of russia.

who (what) ended effective boyar opposition to russian autocracy?

ivan's reign.

who undertook a program of westernization? must know!

tsar peter I and tsarina catherine II.

what fraction of the earth's land did russia control?

⅙.

where were foreign merchants required to reside in russia?

in a suburb of moscow. they could only conduct their business there.

where were dutch merchants restricted to by the tokugawa shoguns? making connections!!

the port of nagasaki. this was because they wanted to guard against contaminating ideas from europe.

how did peter learn about military/industrial technology?

he embarked on his own tour of germany, the netherlands, and england in 1697-98 to learn about western european military and industrial technology.

being an autocrat, what type of government did peter have little interest in?

the institutions of representative government that he encountered in england and the netherlands.

how did peter differ from the rulers of china, japan, & the islamic empires? know this!

while they sought to limit foreign influences in their lands, peter instituted a policy of conscious westernization by selectively adopting western european models and using them to guide the reform of russian government and society.

how did peter propose to make russia one of europe's great military powers?

1. he reformed the army by offering better pay and drafting peasants who served for life as professional soldiers.

2. he provided his forces with extensive training and equipped them with modern weapons.

3. he ordered aristocrats to study mathematics and technology so they could calculate how to aim cannons accurately, and he refused permission for them to marry until they successfully completed their studies.

by the time of his death, the russian army was the largest in europe with 300,000 troops, and it provided its effectiveness in a prolonged struggle known as the great northern war (1700-1722) that peter waged against sweden.

better pay, promotions, training, upgraded weapons, studying for battle, no marriage until studies finished.

what waters did peter want his navy to dominate?

the baltic and northern seas.

what titles disappeared under peter?

old titles, such as boyar.

what clothing disappeared with the title?

the bearskin robes favored by the old nobility, the boyars.

how did peter change sex and gender relations?

*terem, beards, social mixing, and taxes.

he encouraged social mixing of the sexes, especially in towns and cities, and he ordered men to shave their traditional beards. however, in the face of stiff opposition, he allowed men to keep their beards if they paid extra taxes, an option which many chose well into the 19th century.

intersex social interaction, no beards (except if tax payed).

what city was the "window on the west"?

st. petersburg.

what country did catherine have high respect for? aristocrats spoke their language.

france, but she had high respect for western european lands in general.

what event ended catherine's interest in liberal reform?

the french revolution in 1789.

what famous peninsula has been influenced by slavic peoples (i.e. russia, serbs)?

the balkan peninsula.

what was the major source of wealth in densely forested siberia? know this!

siberian furs.

since serfs were not slaves, they couldn't be sold off the (as): __________.

private property. however, during the late 17th and 18th centuries, lords did so anyways.

how did tsars restrict the activity of foreign merchants?

they required them to reside and conduct their business in officially approved districts, such as the foreign merchants' suburb of moscow or border cities like archangel and astrakhan, and by forbidding them to trade in particularly lucrative commodities such as tobacco and alcohol.

only doing business in approved areas, and no trading in obscene industries.

what did peter offer to those who would establish factories in russia?

loans, subsidies, tax breaks, and tariff protection.

what was the ritual language of the russian orthodox church?

church slavonic.

what religious institutions rivaled cities in resources at their disposal (some even had military fortifications)?

large monasteries.

what tsar displaced the patriarch (head of orthodox church) and established state control over religious affairs?

peter the great.

who selected the bishops in the orthodox church (beginning with the reign of peter the great)?

the tsar himself (peter the great).

what did peter and catherine introduce into russian cultural life? very enlightened.

western european art, literature, and ideas.

who controlled education before peter the great? this is typical!! muslim madrasas and jesuit universities.

the russian orthodox church. apart from monastic schools geared to the preparation of clergy, russia had no advanced educational institutions.

for whom did catherine open schools for? very enlightened.

girls.

peter and catherine both sponsored the introduction of enlightened values to russia. who was most interested in technology? who was most interested in philosophy?

peter was more interested in technology, catherine for philosophy.

what gesture (demonstrated the benefits of science) did catherine make in 1768? very enlightened!

in a melodramatic gesture intended to demonstrate the benefits of science to an ill-educated populace, she had herself inoculated against smallpox.

what brought a speedy end to intellectual and cultural experimentation in russia?

the outbreak of the french revolution.

what did catherine fear would inspire rebellion?

further efforts at reform. during her last years, she cut her ties with western european intellectuals.

what continued to influence the russian empire/soviet union in the 19th (1800s) and the 20th (1900s) centuries?

western european ideas.

what did tsars do to ensure a reliable labor supply?

they tightened the conditions of serfdom which caused deep discontent among the peasantry.

unlike china, japan, and islamic empires, what did tsars encourage the selective imitation of?

western european examples.

what was sharply limited in russia after the outbreak of the french revolution?

western european influence. they also largely abandoned the program of reform.