BSC2011 test 1

darwin wallace theory of evolution

this theory states evolution comes from natural selection

pattern of evolution

fossil evidence showing mammals before reptiles could refute our understanding of the

developmental homology

when embryos are developing, humans have structures resembling gills showing their origins as a fish or amphibian. this idea is called

structural homology

as a result of divergent evolution, the same bone structure is used for limbs across unrelated species; humans, cats, whales, and bats share the same arm bone structure. this idea is called

genetic homology

genes found in two species come from a common ancestor. this idea is called

genetic correlation

how one trait relates to another gene; is there a link between blonde hair and blue eyes? traits can be positively correlated if the likelihood of one gene goes up following another gene

inheritance of acquired characteristics

this is a disproved theory saying that an organism can pass on physical characteristics acquired during its lifetime can pass on those acquired traits onto offspring

artificial selection

humans breed organisms to attain specific features or traits through the process of

natural selection

organisms naturally die out or evolve depending on traits needed to survive

genetic drift

the change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance and can reduce genetic variation by causing gene variants to disappear

gene flow

the movement of genes into or out of a population; a bee carrying pollen from one flower population to another for example

evolutionary fitness

how well a species is able to reproduce in its environment through adaption and survival; depends on biological fitness

biological fitness

an organisms ability to pass its genetic material onto its offspring

genetic variation

the difference in DNA sequences between individuals within a population

pattern of evolution

the hardest hardy-weinberg condition to meet

inbreeding depression

the act of this doesnt cause evolution because it causes a reduced survival and fertility rate of offspring in related individuals

disruptive selection

individuals of intermediate phenotypes are less fit than those of higher and lower phenotypes; between the three flowers of pink red or white, pink is less favored than red or white

sexual selection

members of one biological sex choose mates or the other sex to mate with and compete with members in their sex for access to members of the opposite sex

stabilizing selection

individuals of intermediate phenotypes are more fit than those of higher and lower phenotypes; between the three flowers of pink red or white, red and white are less favored than pink

directional selection

the change in a phenotype or genotype of a population in one direction away from the average in a particular environment over time; a bird with a versatile beak made for any seed may evolve into a more narrow beak to better grasp the local seeds in their environment

bacteria and archaea

these two domains share the following traits: prokaryotes, no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles

prokaryotes

this type of organism falls under the domains of bacteria and archaea

archaea

a single celled organism from a hot thermal vent is likely from domain _____

bacteria

these are the most common organisms on earth

bacteria

this domain is characterized by being unicellular, prokaryotic, microscopic, having no nucleus, and having a plasma membrane

bioremediation

using microbes to clean up contaminated soil or groundwater

seeding

implanting microorganisms to a contaminated area of soil or groundwater to biodegrade contamination

direct sequencing

letters of a genetic code are read directly

enrichment culture

introducing nutrients or environmental conditions that allow a particular organism to grow and not anything unwanted

gram negative

• thin peptidoglycan layer

• shows up pink

gram positive

• thick peptidoglycan layer

• shows up purple

autotroph

self feeding

heterotroph

different feeding

fermentation

bacteria use lactose and then we reap the byproducts; this is called _________

eukaryotic

all protists are

protist vs bacteria

protists are eukaryotic, bacteria is prokaryotic

paraphyletic

protists are this, meaning a group of organisms descended from a common ancestor without included all of the descendant groups

mitochondria

the eukaryotes not containing functional ________ are autotrophs

endosymbiosis theory

mitochondrias are thought to be originated from working with prokaryotic organisms

chloroplasts

this structure comes from ancestral cyanobacteria

alteration of generations

plants and algae alternate between two life stages; plants alternate between the diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte between asexual and sexual reproduction

sporophyte

when a plant undergoes the alternation of generations, this involves the diploid phase of the plant or the _____________

gametophyte

when a plant undergoes the alternation of generations, this involves the haploid phase of the plant or the _______________

protists

all _______ have the following organelles: nucleus, mitochondria, vacuole, golgi body, chloroplast, and ER

pressure

wood and coals form by

monophyletic

a group of organisms descended from a common ancestor with all of the descendant groups included

sporopollenin

protective outer layer for spores; pollen

heterophytes

all fungi are

rhizome

modified stems growing horizontally below ground is called

indeterminate, primary growth

growth of most plant structures is called

transpiration

loss of water from the aerial parts of plants is called

pine advantages

having leaves like pine needles has its advantages such as a waxy coating and the ability to photosynthesize year-round

pine disadvantages

having leaves like pine needles has its disadvantages such as being flammable, and making it hard for plants to grow below ground

trichones

found on plants, algae, lichens, and some protists are _____; they’re found on above-ground plants and are protective hairs

meristematic cells

axillary buds have this type of dormant cell

homologous

these plant structures are ________; containing plant leaves, tree bark, thorns, tendrils