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darwin wallace theory of evolution
this theory states evolution comes from natural selection
pattern of evolution
fossil evidence showing mammals before reptiles could refute our understanding of the
developmental homology
when embryos are developing, humans have structures resembling gills showing their origins as a fish or amphibian. this idea is called
structural homology
as a result of divergent evolution, the same bone structure is used for limbs across unrelated species; humans, cats, whales, and bats share the same arm bone structure. this idea is called
genetic homology
genes found in two species come from a common ancestor. this idea is called
genetic correlation
how one trait relates to another gene; is there a link between blonde hair and blue eyes? traits can be positively correlated if the likelihood of one gene goes up following another gene
inheritance of acquired characteristics
this is a disproved theory saying that an organism can pass on physical characteristics acquired during its lifetime can pass on those acquired traits onto offspring
artificial selection
humans breed organisms to attain specific features or traits through the process of
natural selection
organisms naturally die out or evolve depending on traits needed to survive
genetic drift
the change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance and can reduce genetic variation by causing gene variants to disappear
gene flow
the movement of genes into or out of a population; a bee carrying pollen from one flower population to another for example
evolutionary fitness
how well a species is able to reproduce in its environment through adaption and survival; depends on biological fitness
biological fitness
an organisms ability to pass its genetic material onto its offspring
genetic variation
the difference in DNA sequences between individuals within a population
pattern of evolution
the hardest hardy-weinberg condition to meet
inbreeding depression
the act of this doesnt cause evolution because it causes a reduced survival and fertility rate of offspring in related individuals
disruptive selection
individuals of intermediate phenotypes are less fit than those of higher and lower phenotypes; between the three flowers of pink red or white, pink is less favored than red or white
sexual selection
members of one biological sex choose mates or the other sex to mate with and compete with members in their sex for access to members of the opposite sex
stabilizing selection
individuals of intermediate phenotypes are more fit than those of higher and lower phenotypes; between the three flowers of pink red or white, red and white are less favored than pink
directional selection
the change in a phenotype or genotype of a population in one direction away from the average in a particular environment over time; a bird with a versatile beak made for any seed may evolve into a more narrow beak to better grasp the local seeds in their environment
bacteria and archaea
these two domains share the following traits: prokaryotes, no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles
prokaryotes
this type of organism falls under the domains of bacteria and archaea
archaea
a single celled organism from a hot thermal vent is likely from domain _____
bacteria
these are the most common organisms on earth
bacteria
this domain is characterized by being unicellular, prokaryotic, microscopic, having no nucleus, and having a plasma membrane
bioremediation
using microbes to clean up contaminated soil or groundwater
seeding
implanting microorganisms to a contaminated area of soil or groundwater to biodegrade contamination
direct sequencing
letters of a genetic code are read directly
enrichment culture
introducing nutrients or environmental conditions that allow a particular organism to grow and not anything unwanted
gram negative
thin peptidoglycan layer
shows up pink
gram positive
thick peptidoglycan layer
shows up purple
autotroph
self feeding
heterotroph
different feeding
fermentation
bacteria use lactose and then we reap the byproducts; this is called _________
eukaryotic
all protists are
protist vs bacteria
protists are eukaryotic, bacteria is prokaryotic
paraphyletic
protists are this, meaning a group of organisms descended from a common ancestor without included all of the descendant groups
mitochondria
the eukaryotes not containing functional ________ are autotrophs
endosymbiosis theory
mitochondrias are thought to be originated from working with prokaryotic organisms
chloroplasts
this structure comes from ancestral cyanobacteria
alteration of generations
plants and algae alternate between two life stages; plants alternate between the diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte between asexual and sexual reproduction
sporophyte
when a plant undergoes the alternation of generations, this involves the diploid phase of the plant or the _____________
gametophyte
when a plant undergoes the alternation of generations, this involves the haploid phase of the plant or the _______________
protists
all _______ have the following organelles: nucleus, mitochondria, vacuole, golgi body, chloroplast, and ER
pressure
wood and coals form by
monophyletic
a group of organisms descended from a common ancestor with all of the descendant groups included
sporopollenin
protective outer layer for spores; pollen
heterophytes
all fungi are
rhizome
modified stems growing horizontally below ground is called
indeterminate, primary growth
growth of most plant structures is called
transpiration
loss of water from the aerial parts of plants is called
pine advantages
having leaves like pine needles has its advantages such as a waxy coating and the ability to photosynthesize year-round
pine disadvantages
having leaves like pine needles has its disadvantages such as being flammable, and making it hard for plants to grow below ground
trichones
found on plants, algae, lichens, and some protists are _____; they’re found on above-ground plants and are protective hairs
meristematic cells
axillary buds have this type of dormant cell
homologous
these plant structures are ________; containing plant leaves, tree bark, thorns, tendrils