BSC2011 test 1

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56 Terms

1

darwin wallace theory of evolution

this theory states evolution comes from natural selection

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2

pattern of evolution

fossil evidence showing mammals before reptiles could refute our understanding of the

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3

developmental homology

when embryos are developing, humans have structures resembling gills showing their origins as a fish or amphibian. this idea is called

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4

structural homology

as a result of divergent evolution, the same bone structure is used for limbs across unrelated species; humans, cats, whales, and bats share the same arm bone structure. this idea is called

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5

genetic homology

genes found in two species come from a common ancestor. this idea is called

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6

genetic correlation

how one trait relates to another gene; is there a link between blonde hair and blue eyes? traits can be positively correlated if the likelihood of one gene goes up following another gene

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7

inheritance of acquired characteristics

this is a disproved theory saying that an organism can pass on physical characteristics acquired during its lifetime can pass on those acquired traits onto offspring

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8

artificial selection

humans breed organisms to attain specific features or traits through the process of

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9

natural selection

organisms naturally die out or evolve depending on traits needed to survive

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10

genetic drift

the change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance and can reduce genetic variation by causing gene variants to disappear

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11

gene flow

the movement of genes into or out of a population; a bee carrying pollen from one flower population to another for example

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12

evolutionary fitness

how well a species is able to reproduce in its environment through adaption and survival; depends on biological fitness

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13

biological fitness

an organisms ability to pass its genetic material onto its offspring

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14

genetic variation

the difference in DNA sequences between individuals within a population

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15

pattern of evolution

the hardest hardy-weinberg condition to meet

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16

inbreeding depression

the act of this doesnt cause evolution because it causes a reduced survival and fertility rate of offspring in related individuals

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17

disruptive selection

individuals of intermediate phenotypes are less fit than those of higher and lower phenotypes; between the three flowers of pink red or white, pink is less favored than red or white

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18

sexual selection

members of one biological sex choose mates or the other sex to mate with and compete with members in their sex for access to members of the opposite sex

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19

stabilizing selection

individuals of intermediate phenotypes are more fit than those of higher and lower phenotypes; between the three flowers of pink red or white, red and white are less favored than pink

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20

directional selection

the change in a phenotype or genotype of a population in one direction away from the average in a particular environment over time; a bird with a versatile beak made for any seed may evolve into a more narrow beak to better grasp the local seeds in their environment

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21

bacteria and archaea

these two domains share the following traits: prokaryotes, no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles

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22

prokaryotes

this type of organism falls under the domains of bacteria and archaea

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23

archaea

a single celled organism from a hot thermal vent is likely from domain _____

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24

bacteria

these are the most common organisms on earth

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25

bacteria

this domain is characterized by being unicellular, prokaryotic, microscopic, having no nucleus, and having a plasma membrane

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26

bioremediation

using microbes to clean up contaminated soil or groundwater

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27

seeding

implanting microorganisms to a contaminated area of soil or groundwater to biodegrade contamination

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28

direct sequencing

letters of a genetic code are read directly

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29

enrichment culture

introducing nutrients or environmental conditions that allow a particular organism to grow and not anything unwanted

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30

gram negative

  • thin peptidoglycan layer

  • shows up pink

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31

gram positive

  • thick peptidoglycan layer

  • shows up purple

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32

autotroph

self feeding

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33

heterotroph

different feeding

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34

fermentation

bacteria use lactose and then we reap the byproducts; this is called _________

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35

eukaryotic

all protists are

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36

protist vs bacteria

protists are eukaryotic, bacteria is prokaryotic

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37

paraphyletic

protists are this, meaning a group of organisms descended from a common ancestor without included all of the descendant groups

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38

mitochondria

the eukaryotes not containing functional ________ are autotrophs

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39

endosymbiosis theory

mitochondrias are thought to be originated from working with prokaryotic organisms

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40

chloroplasts

this structure comes from ancestral cyanobacteria

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41

alteration of generations

plants and algae alternate between two life stages; plants alternate between the diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte between asexual and sexual reproduction

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42

sporophyte

when a plant undergoes the alternation of generations, this involves the diploid phase of the plant or the _____________

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43

gametophyte

when a plant undergoes the alternation of generations, this involves the haploid phase of the plant or the _______________

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44

protists

all _______ have the following organelles: nucleus, mitochondria, vacuole, golgi body, chloroplast, and ER

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45

pressure

wood and coals form by

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46

monophyletic

a group of organisms descended from a common ancestor with all of the descendant groups included

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47

sporopollenin

protective outer layer for spores; pollen

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48

heterophytes

all fungi are

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49

rhizome

modified stems growing horizontally below ground is called

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50

indeterminate, primary growth

growth of most plant structures is called

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51

transpiration

loss of water from the aerial parts of plants is called

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52

pine advantages

having leaves like pine needles has its advantages such as a waxy coating and the ability to photosynthesize year-round

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53

pine disadvantages

having leaves like pine needles has its disadvantages such as being flammable, and making it hard for plants to grow below ground

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54

trichones

found on plants, algae, lichens, and some protists are _____; they’re found on above-ground plants and are protective hairs

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55

meristematic cells

axillary buds have this type of dormant cell

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56

homologous

these plant structures are ________; containing plant leaves, tree bark, thorns, tendrils

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