TWU Practical Exam 1 Study Outline Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering topics from Body Organization, Organ Systems, Microscopy, Cell Anatomy and Division, Cell Permeability and Transport, Histology, and the Integumentary System, based on the provided study outline.

Anatomical Position

where the body is erect, feet slightly apart, palms forward, and thumbs pointed away from the body.

Anatomical Planes

sagittal, frontal (coronal), and transverse (horizontal), oblique

Directional Terms

Superior (Cranial), Inferior (Caudal),Anterior (Ventral), Posterior (Dorsal),Medial ,Lateral ,Proximal ,Distal ,Superficial (External),Deep (Internal), Ipsilateral, Contralateral

Body Regions

Specific areas of the body, often used for anatomical reference (e.g., cephalic, thoracic, abdominal, pelvic).

Body Cavities

Spaces within the body that contain and protect internal organs (e.g., dorsal and ventral cavities).

Serous Membranes

Thin, double-layered membranes that line the walls of the ventral body cavities and cover the organs within them, secreting serous fluid.

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Four divisions of the abdominopelvic cavity (right upper, left upper, right lower, left lower) used to locate organs or pain.

Abdominopelvic Anatomical Regions

Nine specific divisions of the abdominopelvic cavity (e.g., epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric) for more precise localization of organs.

Integumentary System

Consists of skin, hair, nails, and associated glands; functions in protection, temperature regulation, and sensation.

Skeletal System

Composed of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints; provides support, protection, mineral storage, blood cell formation, and enables movement.

Muscular System

Composed of skeletal muscles; enables movement, maintains posture, and produces heat.

Nervous System

Composed of brain, spinal cord, and nerves; controls body functions, interprets sensory information, and coordinates responses.

Compound Light Microscope

An instrument that uses lenses and a visible light source to magnify specimens.

Levels of Organization

The structural hierarchy of the body, from atoms and molecules up to the organismal level.

Cell Cycle

The series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication.

Somatic Cell Division

The process by which body cells divide to produce two identical daughter cells, consisting of mitosis and cytokinesis.

Mitosis

The process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells that results in two daughter nuclei each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus.

Cytokinesis

The division of the cytoplasm and its contents, following mitosis, to form two separate daughter cells.

Prophase

The first stage of mitosis where chromosomes condense, and the nuclear envelope begins to break down.

Metaphase

The second stage of mitosis where chromosomes align at the equatorial plate of the cell.

Anaphase

The third stage of mitosis where sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell.

Telophase

The final stage of mitosis where chromosomes decondense, nuclear envelopes reform around the separated chromosomes, and the cell prepares for cytokinesis.

Plasma Membrane

The selectively permeable outer boundary of an animal cell, regulating passage of substances.

Selective Permeability

The property of a cell membrane that allows certain molecules or ions to pass through it by means of active or passive transport.

Diffusion

The net passive movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

Osmosis

The net passive movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration.

Tonicity

The ability of an extracellular solution to make water move into or out of a cell by osmosis.

Filtration

The process by which hydrostatic pressure forces fluids and solutes through a selectively permeable membrane.

Hypertonic Solution

A solution with a higher concentration of solutes compared to the inside of a cell, causing water to move out of the cell.

Hypotonic Solution

A solution with a lower concentration of solutes compared to the inside of a cell, causing water to move into the cell.

Isotonic Solution

A solution with the same concentration of solutes as the inside of a cell, resulting in no net water movement.

Histology

The study of the microscopic structure of tissues.

Epithelial Tissue

A sheet of cells that covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts, and forms glands.

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Single layer of flat, scale-like cells; specialized for diffusion and filtration; found in lining of blood vessels, air sacs of lungs.

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Single layer of cube-shaped cells; specialized for secretion and absorption; found in kidney tubules, glands.

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Single layer of tall, column-shaped cells; specialized for secretion and absorption; often ciliated or with microvilli; found in lining of GI tract.

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Appears to have multiple layers due to differing cell heights but is a single layer; often ciliated; found in trachea and upper respiratory tract.

Stratified Squamous Epithelium (Keratinized)

Multiple layers of flattened cells with the superficial layers containing keratin; provides protection against abrasion, water loss, and UV radiation; found in the epidermis.

Stratified Squamous Epithelium (Non-keratinized)

Multiple layers of flattened cells without keratin; provides protection against abrasion; found in lining of the mouth, esophagus, vagina.

Transitional Epithelium

Multiple layers of cells that can change shape (from cuboidal to squamous) when stretched; facilitates distension; found in the urinary bladder.

Connective Tissue

Tissue that supports, protects, and binds other tissues together; characterized by an extracellular matrix and diverse cell types.

Areolar (Loose) Connective Tissue

Loose arrangement of collagen and elastic fibers with various cell types; provides strength, elasticity, and support; found beneath epithelia.

Reticular Connective Tissue

Network of reticular fibers and reticular cells; forms the stroma (framework) of lymphatic organs like the spleen and lymph nodes.

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Densely packed collagen fibers arranged irregularly; provides strength in multiple directions; found in the dermis of the skin, organ capsules.

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Densely packed collagen fibers arranged in parallel bundles; provides strong attachment and resistance to tension in one direction; found in tendons and ligaments.

Adipose Tissue

Connective tissue specialized for fat storage; provides insulation, energy reserve, and organ protection.

Hyaline Cartilage

Most common type of cartilage; characterized by a clear, glassy matrix; provides smooth surfaces for joint movement and support; found at ends of long bones, trachea, nose.

Fibrocartilage

Cartilage with thick bundles of collagen fibers; provides strong support and resistance to compression; found in intervertebral discs, menisci of the knee.

Elastic Cartilage

Cartilage with abundant elastic fibers; provides flexibility and maintains shape; found in the external ear, epiglottis.

Compact Bone

Dense, hard outer layer of bone tissue; provides strength and protection; forms the shaft of long bones.

Blood

A fluid connective tissue composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets; transports substances throughout the body.

Muscular Tissue

Tissue specialized for contraction, producing movement.

Skeletal Muscle

Striated, voluntary muscle tissue; responsible for movement of bones and body parts.

Smooth Muscle

Non-striated, involuntary muscle tissue; found in the walls of internal organs and blood vessels; responsible for peristalsis and regulating blood flow.

Cardiac Muscle

Striated, involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart; responsible for pumping blood.

Nervous Tissue

Tissue specialized for generating and transmitting electrical signals; composed of neurons and neuroglia.

Hypodermis

The layer of tissue beneath the dermis, primarily composed of adipose tissue; anchors skin to underlying structures and insulates.

Epidermis

The outermost layer of the skin, composed of stratified squamous epithelium; provides protection.

Keratinocytes

The most abundant cell type in the epidermis; produce keratin for protection and waterproofing.

Dendritic / Langerhans Cells

Immune cells found in the epidermis; detect and present antigens to the immune system.

Melanocytes

Cells in the epidermis that produce melanin, a pigment that protects against UV radiation.

Merkel / Tactile Cells

Sensory receptor cells in the epidermis, associated with a tactile disc; function in touch sensation.

Dermis

The layer of skin beneath the epidermis, composed of connective tissue; provides strength and elasticity, contains blood vessels, nerves, and accessory organs.

Sebaceous Glands

Glands in the dermis that produce sebum (oil); lubricates skin and hair, prevents water loss.

Eccrine / Merocrine Glands

Most common type of sweat gland; produce watery sweat for thermoregulation; found all over the body.

Apocrine Glands

Sweat glands found in axillary and anogenital areas; produce thicker, protein-rich sweat, often associated with body odor; active after puberty.

Free Nerve Endings

Unspecialized nerve endings in the skin; detect pain, temperature, itch, and crude touch.

Hair Root Plexus

A network of nerve endings surrounding the hair follicle; detects hair movement.

Ruffini’s Endings / Bulbous Corpuscles

Deep pressure and stretch receptors found in the dermis.

Meissner’s / Tactile Corpuscle

Encapsulated nerve endings in the dermal papillae; detect light touch and vibratory sensations.

Pacinian / Lamellated Corpuscle

Large, encapsulated nerve endings in the deep dermis and hypodermis; detect deep pressure and high-frequency vibration.

Hair

Filamentous structures growing from follicles in the skin; provides protection, insulation, and sensory reception.

Nails

Keratinized plates covering the tips of fingers and toes; provide protection and aid in grasping.

Two-Point Discrimination Testing

A sensory test used to assess the density of touch receptors in different skin areas by determining the minimum distance at which two distinct points of contact can be felt.