ICPS

What is electronegativity?

The attractive force one atom’s nucleus has for another atom’s valence electrons when covalently bonding.

What trend in electronegativity occurs across a period on the periodic table?

Electronegativity increases from left to right.

What trend in electronegativity occurs down a group on the periodic table?

Electronegativity decreases from top to bottom.

What is Coulomb's Law in relation to electronegativity?

Electronegativity is directly proportional to the electrostatic force (Fe) between atoms.

Define covalent bonding.

The mutual attraction between 2 atoms’ nuclei for each other’s valence electrons.

What does naming covalent compounds involve?

Using prefixes to indicate the number of atoms and changing the second element’s name to ‘-ide’.

What is bond order?

The number of bonds between a pair of atoms (single, double, triple).

How does bond strength relate to bond order?

Higher bond order (more bonds) typically means greater bond strength and shorter bond length.

What does VSEPR theory stand for?

Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory, used to determine the 3-D geometry of molecules.

What is the difference between polar and nonpolar covalent bonds?

Polar covalent bonds occur when bonded atoms have differing electronegativities, while nonpolar bonds have similar electronegativities.

List the types of intermolecular forces from weakest to strongest.

London Dispersion Forces (LDF), Dipole-Dipole, Hydrogen Bonds.

What is a Hydrogen Bond?

A strong type of dipole-dipole interaction involving H bonded to N, O, or F.

How do intermolecular forces affect boiling and melting points?

Stronger intermolecular forces result in higher boiling and melting points.

What role do electronegativity differences play in molecular polarity?

A molecule becomes polar if there is an overall partial charge due to uneven distribution of electron density.

How does molecular shape influence molecular polarity?

Molecular shape affects whether the dipoles from bonds cancel out, determining if the molecule is polar.

What is bond length?

The average distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms.

How is a Lewis structure drawn?

By counting valence electrons, identifying a central atom, creating a skeletal structure, and distributing remaining electrons.

What is a resonance structure?

Structures that can represent the same molecule, where the position of double or triple bonds can change.

What does a polar molecule's representation indicate?

It indicates a charge distribution within the molecule due to differences in electronegativity.

In which cases do nonmetals generally form covalent bonds?

When they share electrons to fill their valence shell.

What establishes the 3-D geometry in VSEPR theory?

The repulsion between bonding pairs and lone pairs of electrons.

Why can't hydrogen or halogens be central atoms in Lewis structures?

Because they can only form one covalent bond and cannot be surrounded by multiple atoms.

What changes occur during phase changes due to intermolecular forces?

Energy is either added or removed to break or form intermolecular forces, leading to state transitions.