CH 3 & 4: Musculoskeletal System - Joints, Common Disorders

Medullary Cavity

hollow tube in long bones with yelolw bone marrow

Periosteum

thin membrane covering bone that contains sensory nerves, blood vessels, cells involved in bone growth and repair

Synovial Fluid

clear fluid found in joint cavities, facilitates smooth movement and nourishes joint

Hinge Joints

movement restricted to one plane

Gliding Joints

two flat-surfaced bones slide over each other and has limited movement

Ball-And-Socket Joints

can rotate in circles, high range of motion

Sutures

joints with limited flexbility

How many muscles are attached to the skeleton?

over 600

What types of growth do bones go through?

longitudinal growth, radial growth, and remodeling

Where is red marrow located?

primarily in flat bones and at the proximal ends of long bones in adults

Give some examples of some bones where red marrow is found

sternum, ribs, vertebrae, pelvis, proximal humerus and femur

What are the three main types of joint “textures”?

fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

What type of joint is highly movable?

synovial

What are the ends of non-synovial joints covered with?

these immovable/slightly movable joints are covered with fibrous cartilage

Give an example of a non-synovial joint with fibrous cartilage coverings

skull sutures

Give examples of hinge joints

elbow and knee joints

Give examples of gliding joints

foot and wrist joints

Give an example of a ball-and-socket joint

shoulder joint

What are the main types of angular movements?

flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, rotation

What are some types of movements specific to certain joints?

circumduction, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, eversion, inversion, pronation, supination

Circumduction

a conical or circular movement of a limb (combination of abduction, adduction, extension, and flexion)

Dorsiflexion

movement that reduces the angle between the foot and leg

Plantar Flexion

movement that increases the angle at ankle joint

Eversion

movement of foot laterally away from midline

Inversion

movement of the sole of the foot toward midline

Pronation

movement of the forearm turning the palm of the hand inwards facing down (turning palm inferiorly)

Supination

movement of the forearm that turns the palm of the hand outwards facing up (turning palm superiorly)

Osteoporosis

disease in the calcium deposits and bone strength, resulting in weak and fragile bones

Osteoarthritis

thinning and degeneration of cartilage

Who is at risk for osteoporosis?

postmenopausal women, men 50+ with low testosterone, family history of it or amenorrhea, people with anorexia nervosa

What increases the risk of developing osteoporosis?

long-term use of certain medications (e.g. anti-seizure drugs, corticosteroids, heparin)

What are treatments/interventions for osteoporosis?

increasing calcium and vitamin D intake, weight-bearing exercises, bisphosphates, hormone replacement therapy and estrogen

What are the symptoms of osteoarthritis?

can vary depending on severity, exposes roughened surfaces of bone causing them to rub against each other

What are the treatments and treatment goals used for osteoarthritis?

goals to relieve pain, maintain normal joint movement, and prevent deformities

treatment used are analgesics, nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), intra-articular steroid injections; severe conditions joint prosthesis

Osteomalacia

bone softens due to inadequate calcium and vitamin D intake

Rickets

condition where the bones of children are softened and weakened, may fracture easily

What are the symptoms of osteomalacia, and what could it lead to in children?

muscle weakness, bone tenderness, partial fractures

may lead to rickets in children

What are the treatments used for osteomalacia/rickets?

increase vitamin D and calcium intake, phosphorus supplements

Scoliosis

abnormal spine curvature to the left or right

Lordosis

abnormal spine curvature where the lower back is more pronounced that the upper back, “sway back”

Kyphosis

abnormal spine curvature were upper back is more pronounced than the lower back, “hunch back”

Herniated Disk

condition where there is a protrusion of the soft nucleus of the intervertebral disk into the outer cartilaginous covering

What are typical symptoms for a patient with scoliosis?

mild cases may not have symptoms, severe cases may cause back pain and heart/lung problems

What are common treatments for scoliosis?

chiropractic care, orthopedic devices (e.g. braces, shoe lifts, exercises, electrical muscle stimulation), severe cases may need rigid casting with/without surgery

What age is scoliosis most often seen in?

adolescents

How do lordosis and kyphosis typically develop?

pore posture over time and/or aging

What factors may lead to a herniated disk?

improper lifting, smoking,excessive body weight, repetitive strenuous activity

How does the location of a herniated disk affect symptoms?

if in the lumbar region can cause severe lower back pain that radiates down leg and makes walking difficult

if in the cervical region can cause neck pain that radiates down arms and fingers

What are the treatments for a herniated disk?

NSAIDs, analgesics for pain, physical therapy, chiropractic adjustments, epidural steroid injections

Rheumatoid Arthritis

chronic autoimmune inflammatory disorder characterized by symptoms of malaise, fever, weight loss, morning stiffness of affected joints

Fibromyalgia

muscle pain and tenderness due to unknown causes with symptoms of fatigue and chronic pain

Myasthenia Gravis

autoimmune disease of voluntary muscles that leads to profound muscular weakness

Spasm

involuntary muscle contractions often causing pain and stiffness

Bursitis

results in painful joints with reduced range of motion from overuse of knee, shoulder, or elbow joints

What are the treatment options for rheumatoid arthritis?

NSAIDs, corticosteroids, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), biologics

What conditions are associated with/are symptoms of fibromyalgia?

sleep disorders and irritable bowel syndrome

What are the treatment options for fibromyalgia?

measures to reduce pain, promote sleep, reduce stress and anxiety

pharma treatment: prescribed medications (e.g. Lyrica, Savella, etc.)

What muscles are most commonly affected by myasthenia gravis?

muscles that control eyes, eyelids, facial expressions, swallowing

What treatment options are available for myasthenia gravis?

medications that inhibit acetylcholinesterase, surgical removal of thymus gland

What are the treatment options for bursitis?

rest, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids

Lupus

painful and swollen joints accompanied by fever, chest and muscle pains, other things associated with autoimmune dysfunction

Gout

metabolic disease that involved increased production or decreased elimination of uric acid

What are the risk factors of gout?

kidney disease, alcohol consumption, obesity, untreated hypertension, family history

What are common treatments for gout?

NSAIDs, colchicine, allopurinol, probenecid

Where is gout most commonly seen on the body?

often in the lower extremities (e.g. foot and big toe)

Lyme Disease

tick-borne infection caused by Borrelia burgdorferi characterized by “flu-like” symptoms, “bulls-eye” lesion at the tick bite area (called erythema migrans)

What are the treatment options for lyme disease?

doxycycline, amoxicillin, IV ceftriaxone

Restless Leg Syndrome

unpleasant sensations of legs during inactivity, especially at night (e.g. tingling, aching, twitching)

What are treatment options for restless leg syndrome?

lifestyle changes, ropinirole, rotigotine, pramipexole, gabapentin, pregabalin, zolpiden, eszopiclone