Introduction

Anatomy

From the Greek words "ana" (up) and "tome" (cutting).

Human Anatomy

Study of the parts of the human body and their relationship to one another.

Physiology

Study of the way the parts of the human body accomplish their functions.

Morphology

Deals with the structures and spatial relationships, the kind of materials used, and the architecture of the entire human body.

Gross (Macroscopic) Anatomy

Study of the parts of the body as seen by the naked senses like the eye or natural vision.

Histology (Microscopic) Anatomy

Study of the minute structures that can be seen only with the aid of lenses.

Developmental Anatomy (Embryology)

Study of the origin, growth, and development of an organism from conception until birth, or from one-cell stage to the complex human being.

Neuroanatomy

Study of the nervous system.

Drawings, charts, books, atlases, and illustrations
Human models
human cadavers
living anatomy

What are the Materials used in the study of human anatomy

Human models

either ceramics or plastic or rubber-w/c are exact replicas of the human body and its parts.

Human cadavers

dead human bodies

Living anatomy

self or others

regional or topographical
systematic anatomy
surface anatomy
radiographic anatomy
applied anatomy

what are the methods of studying human anatomy

Regional or Topographical Anatomy

study of the relationships of all structures -bones, joints, muscles, fasciae, tendons, blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics of the body-found in a particular area or region of the body

Systematic Anatomy

Study in which all parts of the body made up of the same structure and related functions are taken up individually and as a group.

Cell

Fundamental unit structure of all living things.

Tissue

Collection of similar cells having the same functions.

Organ

A group of fundamental tissues bound together in the performance of a given function.

System

A group of organs similar in origin and structure, united together in the performance of a given function.

Surface Anatomy

• delineating on the external surface of the body, the relative position of the organs and structures found inside the body. 

• This is achieved by making use of constantly seen or felt bony projections or depressions for our surface landmarks

Radiographic Anatomy

Study using plain x-rays, angiography, barium swallow, and CT scan to visualize body structures.

computer tomography (CT Scan)

A relatively recent technique known as ___ scans the body with a series of x-rays taken from different angles and then combines them by means of a computer to provide a cross-sectional image like that obtained by an actual section through the body.

Applied Anatomy

Application of anatomical knowledge to actual practice, including clinical and surgical anatomy.

Anatomic Position

Standard reference position where the body is standing erect facing the observer, arms at the sides, palms facing forward, thumbs pointing laterally, and feet together flat on the ground.

fundamental planes

standard reference terms based on anatomic position

Sagittal Plane

Vertical plane dividing the body into right and left sides.

Mid-sagittal (Median/Midline) Plane

Vertical plane dividing the body into equal right and left halves.

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

Plane dividing the body into front and back parts.

Transverse (Horizontal) Plane

Plane dividing the body into upper and lower parts.

Superior (Cranial)

Nearer the head; higher; above.

Inferior (Caudal)

Farther from the head; lower; below.

Anterior (Ventral)

Nearer the front or belly side of the body.

Posterior (Dorsal)

Nearer the back.

Medial

Nearer the midline of the body.

Lateral

Farther from the midline of the body.

Proximal

Nearer the point of origin of a part.

Distal

Farther from the point of origin of a part.

Internal

Closer to the central axis of the body.

External

Farther from the central axis of the body.

Superficial

Nearer the surface of the body.

Deep

Farther away from the surface of the body.

Somatic (Parietal)

Refers to the walls of the cavity.

Visceral

Refers to the organs within the cavity.

Supine

Body lying face upwards.

Prone

Body lying face downwards.

dorsal
ventral

what are the cavities of the body (main)

cranial cavity
spinal cavity

cavities under dorsal cavity

Dorsal Cavity

Body cavity containing the cranial and spinal cavities.

Cranial Cavity

Contains the brain.

Spinal Cavity

Contains the spinal cord.

orbital cavity
nasal cavity
oral cavity
thoracic cavity
abdomino-pelvic cavity

cavities under ventral cavity

Ventral Cavity

Body cavity containing the orbital, nasal, oral, thoracic, and abdominopelvic cavities.

Orbital Cavity

Contains the eye and its appendages.

Nasal Cavity

Passageway of air.

Oral Cavity

Contains the teeth and the tongue.

pleural cavities
pericardial cavity

cavities under thoracic cavity

Thoracic Cavity

Located above the diaphragm.

Pleural Cavities

Contain the lungs.

Pericardial Cavity

Contains the heart.

abdominal cavity proper
pelvic cavity

cavities under abdomino-pelvic cavity

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Located below the diaphragm.

Abdominal Cavity Proper

Contains the stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, spleen, small intestines, large intestines, adrenal glands, and kidneys.

Pelvic Cavity

Contains the urinary bladder and rectum in both sexes; in females also contains the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes; in males contains the vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and prostate gland.

head
neck
trunk or torso
upper extremity or upper limb
lower extremity or lower limb

what are the regions of the body

cranium
face

regions of the body: head ano pa under nito

Cranium

Crown, forehead, occiput, and temple regions of the head.

Face

Includes the frontal, orbital, nasal, zygomatic, maxillary, and mandibular regions.

Mandible

The heaviest bone in the skull.

nuchae

regions of the body: neck ano pa under nito

Neck (Cervical Region)

Region connecting the head and trunk.

Nuchae

Back of the neck or nape.

thoracic or chest
abdomen
pelvic
groin

regions of the body: trunk/torso ano pa under nito

Thoracic (Chest) Region

• Pectoral region or breast

• Back

• ex. mammary (breast)

Pectoral Region

Breast region.

Abdomen

navel or umbilicus
flank
loin

part of what region

Umbilicus

area around the navel.

Flank (Lumbar)

Lower back between the ribs and pelvis.

Loin

Area of the back lateral to the vertebral column.

pelvic

pelvic cavity
genitalia
gluteal region
perineum

what part of region of body

groin

• depression between the thighs and abdomen

Gluteal Region

Buttock region.

Perineum

Diamond-shaped area between the two thighs.

Groin

Depression between the thighs and abdomen.

Upper Extremity (Upper Limb)

Includes the shoulder, arm, elbow, forearm, wrist, and hand.

Shoulder

Region including the axilla.

Axilla

Area under the shoulder.

Arm

Brachial area.

Elbow

Antecubitus (anterior part of the elbow).

Forearm

Antebrachial region; includes radial and ulnar sides.

Wrist

Carpal region.

Hand

Includes the palm, dorsum, digits (phalanges), and thumb (pollex).

Lower Extremity (Lower Limb)

Includes the hip, thigh, knee, leg, ankle, and foot.

Hip

Buttock region.

Thigh

Femoral region.

Knee

Popliteal region (back of the knee).

Leg

Crural region; includes the shin (anterior) and calf (posterior).

Ankle

Tarsal region.

Foot

Includes the heel, sole (plantar), dorsum, digits (phalanges), and big toe (hallux).

Pollex

Thumb.

Hallux

Big toe