Chapter 4: Cell Structure

What do all cells have in common?

1. Plasma membrane

2. Cytoplasm

3. DNA

The s____ a____ of a cell is important for carrying out the cell’s f____ such as acquiring a____ n____ and o____.
Hence, cells try to be as s____ a____ p____ to m____ s____ a____ t____ v____ r____ relative to its c____ v____ to i____ rate of d____.

surface area, functions, adequate nutrients, oxygen.
small as possible, maximize surface area to volume ratio, cell volume, increase, diffusion.

Plasma membrane is a p____ b____ with e____ p____.
Some proteins form c____ that s____ i____ and other h____ m____ as they p____ through the h____ c____ of the m____.
Other proteins serve as p____, using e____ to a____ t____ m____ either i____ or o____ of the cell.

Other functions of the membrane besides p____ s____ a cell’s e____ e____ from its i____ one include r____ the c____ of s____ i____ and o____ of cells.

phospholipid bilayer, embedded proteins.
channels, shield ions, hydrophobic molecules, pass, hydrophobic centre, membrane.
pumps, energy, actively transport molecules, into, out

physically separating, external environment, internal, regulating, crossing, substances, into, out

Cell Membrane

The f____ m____ m____ states that m____ is composed of p____, s____, p____ and o____ c____ and the p____ d____ w____ the b____.

fluid mosaic model, membrane, phospholipids, sterols, proteins, other components, phospholipids drift within, bilayer.

Cell Membrane

The m____ c____ of cell membranes is p____.
A p____ consists of a g____ b____, t____ n____ f____ a____ t____, and a p____ p____ h____.

main component, phospholipid.
phospholipid, glycerol backbone, two nonpolar fatty acid tails, polar phosphate head.

Cell Membrane

M____ p____ are e____ in or a____ to the cell membrane s____.
Some examples include r____, t____, c____ p____, and a____ p____.
The p____ (o____) m____ also i____ r____ p____.

Many proteins, embedded, attached, surfaces.
receptors, transporters, communication proteins, adhesion proteins.
plasma (outer) membrane, incorporates recognition proteins,

Cell Membrane

1. Composed of a p____ b____

2. Cell receptors b____ to b____ and o____ f____ a____.

3. Glucose receptor a____ glucose to c____ the membrane through a c____ in its i____.

4. Recognition protein i____ a cell as b____ to o____ o____ b____.

5. ATP s____ makes A____

6. A calcium pump moves c____ i____a____ the m____ using A____ e____.

1. phospholipid bilayer

2. bind, bacteria, other foreign agents.

3. allow, cross, channel, interior

4. identifies, belonging, one’s own body

5. synthase, ATP

6. calcium ions across, membrane, ATP energy.

State the two main components of the cell theory.

1. All living things are composed of cells.

2. All cells arise by division of preexisting cells.

B____ and a____ are the s____ c____ and are the groups with the g____ m____ d____.

Bacteria, archaea, simplest cells, greatest metabolic diversity.

A shared living arrangement of prokaryotes is called…

a biofilm

Eukaryotes contain o____ that are e____ in m____ to c____ a c____ a____.

This allows the cell to:

1. c____ the s_____ e____ or l____

2. s____ the m____

3. c____ s____ for m____ r____

4. i____ t____ s____

organelles, enclosed, membranes, compartmentalize, cell’s activities.

1. control, substances entering, leaving

2. sustains, microenvironment

3. concentrates substances, metabolic reactions

4. isolates toxic substances

Name the parts of an animal cell.

1. nucleus

2. cytoskeleton

3. peroxisome

4. plasma membrane

5. centrosome

6. mitochondrion

7. lysosome

8. golgi apparatus

9. smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

10. rough endoplasmic reticulum

11. ribosomes

Name the parts of the cyotoskeleton in an animal cell.

1. microtubule

2. microfilament

3. intermediate filament

Name the parts of a nucleus.

1. nuclear envelope

2. nucleolus

3. chromatin

What organelles are present in animal cells only?

1. centrosome with a pair of centrioles

2. ribosomes

What organelles are present in plant cells only?

1. large central vacuole

2. chloroplast

3. cell wall

The function of the m____ surrounding the nucleus p____ and c____ a____ to D__.

membrane, protect, control access, DNA

The function of the endoplasmic reticulum is to m____ and m____ n____ p____ and l____.

make, modify new polypeptides, lipids.

The function of a vesicle is to t____, s____, or b____ d____ s____.

transport, store, break down substances.

The function of the mitochondrion is to m____ A____ via g____ b____.

make ATP, glucoe breakdown.

The function of the golgi body is to m____ and s____ n____ p____ and l____.

modify, sort new polypeptides, lipids.

The function of a chloroplast is to m____ g____ in plants (and some protists) via p____.

make glucose, photosynthesis.

The function of the lysosome is is i____ d____.

intracellular digestion.

The function of the peroxisome is to b____ d____ f____ a____, a____ a____, and t____.

break down fatty acids, amino acids, toxins.

The function of a vacuole is to s____ s____ and b____ d____ f____ or w____.

store substances, break down food, waste.

The function of a ribosome is to a____ p____.

assemble polypeptides.

The function of the centriole is to a____ the c____.

anchor, cytoskeleton.

The function of the cytoskeleton is to m____ c____ s____, i____ o____, and m____ of the cell.

maintain cell shape, internal organization, movement

The nucleus c____ the c____ a____ and is r____ for i____.

Inside it is a c____ of p____ and D__ called c____, which makes up the cell’s c____.
The D__ is c____ within the nucleus prior to c____ d____.

A n____ e____ is a d____ m____ with p____ that a____ m____ to f____ i____ and o____ of the n____.
It is a____ to the e____ r____.

S____ of r____ are a____ in the n____.

controls, cell’s activities, responsible, inheritance.

complex, proteins, DNA, chromatin, chromosomes.
DNA, copied, cell division.

nuclear envelope, double membrane, pores, allows molecules, flow in, out, nucleus.
attached, endoplasmic reticulum.

Subunits, ribosomes, assembled, nucleolus.

Ribosomes are c____ of r____ R__ and p____.
They are involved in p____ s____, a____ to d____ from D__.

Cells that m____ a lot of p____ have a l____ number of r____.

Some ribosomes are f____ ribosomes that are s____ in the c____ while others are b____ ribosomes that are a____ to the e____ r____ a____ with the n____ e____.

composed, ribosomal RNA, proteins.
protein synthesis, according, directions, DNA.

make, large, ribosomes.

free, suspended, cytoplasm, bound, attached, endoplasmic reticulum associated, nuclear envelope.

The endomembrane system consists of…

1. nuclear envelope

2. endoplasmic reticulum

3. golgi apparatus

4. lysosomes

5. vacuoles

6. plasma membrane

Some c____ of the e____ s____ are able to c____ with each other via the f____ and t____ of s____ m____ s____ called v____.

This is important for the s____, d____, s____, and e____ of m____.

components, endomembrane system, communicate, formation, transfer, small membrane segments, vesicles.

synthesis, distribution, storage, export, molecules.

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a m____ n____ of t____ and s____.

The smooth ER l____ a____ r____ and is i____ in the s____ of l____ and also p____ t____.

The rough ER p____ m____, and the r____ a____ on its s____ m____ m____ and s____ p____.
It is always the f____ organelle to m____ v____ from its own m____.

membranous network, tubes, sacs.

lacks attached ribosomes, involved, synthesis, lipids, processes toxins.

produces membranes, ribosomes attached, surface make membrane, secretory proteins.
first, make vesicles, membrane

The smooth ER is involved in a variety of d____ m____ p____.
For example, the e____ p____ by smooth ER are involved in the s____ of l____, o____, p____, and s____.

diverse metabolic processes.
enzymes produced, synthesis, lipids, oils, phospholipids, steroids.

The rough ER makes a____ m____ for i____ and p____ d____ for s____.
Once the p____ are s____, they are t____ in v____ to o___ p____ of the e____ s____.

additional membrane, itself, proteins destined, secretion.
proteins, synthesized, transported, vesicles, other parts, endomembrane system.

The ER p____ a h____ v____ of m____, including p____ for c____ m___, s____ h____, and p____ for m____, o____ o____, and s____ by the cell.

produces, huge variety, molecules, phospholipids, cell membranes, steroid hormones, proteins, membranes, other organelles, secretion

The Golgi apparatus which consists of s____ of s____ that w____ in c____ with the ER, in which the p____ of the ER are p____ and then s____ to o____ o____ or to the c____ s____.

P____ travel in t____ v____ from the E_ to the G____ a____.
O____ s____ of the Golgi apparatus functions as a r____ d____ for the p____ and the other as a s____ d____.

P____ are m____ as they go from o____ s____ of the Golgi apparatus to the other and they t____ in v____ to other sites.

stacks, sacs, work, conjunction, products, processed, sent, other organelles, cell surface.

Products, transport vesicles, ER, Golgi apparatus, receiving dock, product, shipping dock.

Products, modified, one side, travel, vesicles.

1. V____ move from the ____ to the ____.

2. The v____ c____ t___ to f____ a n____ c____ G____ c____.

3. The g____ c____ move in a c____-t____-t____ d____.

4. V____ f____ and l____ the G____, c____ s____ p____ to o____ l____ or to the p____ m____ for s____.

1. Vesicles, ER, Golgi.

2. vesicles come together, form, new cis Golgi cisternae.

3. golgi cisternae, cis-to-trans direction.

4. Vesicles form, leave, Golgi, carrying specific proteins, other locations, plasma membrane, secretion.

The G____ r____ t____ v____ b____ from the ____ that contain p____ s____ by b____ r____.
The G____ f____ p____ the p____ and d____ t____ v____ to the p____ m____, where the p____ are s____.

golgi receives transport vesicles budded, ER, proteins synthesized, bound ribosomes.
golfi finishes processing, proteins, dispatches transport vesicles, plasma membrane, proteins, secreted.

Lysosomes house e____ that b____ d____ i____ s____ and d____ o___.
The e____ and the m____ are p____ by the ____ and t____ to the ____ for p____.
The m____ serves to s____ i____ these p____ e____ from the rest of the cell.

enzymes, break down, ingested substances, damaged organelles.
enzymes, membrane, produced, ER, transferred, golgi apparatus, processing.
membrane, safely isolate, potent enzymes

One function of the lysosome is to r____ or r____ d____ p____ of a cell.
It does this by first e____ the d____ o____ in a m____ v____.
Then, the lysosome f____ with the v____, d____ its c____ and b____ d___ the d____ o____.

remove, recycle damaged parts

enclosing, damaged organelles, membrane vesicle.
fuses, vesicle, dismantling contents, breaking down, damaged organelle.

Vacuoles are l____ v____ that have a variety of functions, including but not limited to:

1. c____ vacuoles that e____ w____ from the cell

2. s____ m____ and w____ to f____ g____ in plant cells

3. p____ vacuoles in plants p____ c____ to f____.

large vesicles

1. contractile, expel water

2. stores molecules, wastes, facilitate growth

3. pigment, provide color, flowers

The o____ of the e____ s____ are i____ s____ and f____.

1. The n____ e____ is c____ to the ____ ER, which is c____ c____ to the____ ER.

2. M____ and p____ p____ by the ____ f____ in the form of t____ v____ to the ____.

3. The ____ p____ off t____ v____ and o____ v____ that give rise to l____ and v____.

4. The l____ is a____ for f____ with a____ v____ for d____.

5. T____ v____ carries p____ to the p____ m____ for s____.

6. The p____ m____ e____ by the f____ of v____ and the p____ are s____ from the cell.

organelles, endomembrane system, interconnected structurally, functionally.

1. nuclear envelope, connected, rough, connected continuously, smooth

2. Membranes, proteins produced, ER flow, transport vesicles, golgi.

3. Golgi pinches, transport vesicles, other vesicles, lysosomes, vacuoles.

4. lysosomes, available, fusion, another vesicle, digestion.

5. Transport vesicles, proteins, plasma membrane, secretion

6. plasma membrane expands, fusion, vesicles, proteins, secreted, cell.

Peroxisomes are m____ c____ that d____ n____ o____ from the e____ s____.
Some peroxisomes b____ d____ f____ a____ to be used as c____ f____ while some d____ h____ c____.

metabolic compartments, do not originate, endomembrane system.
break down fatty acids, cellular fuel, detoxify harmful compounds.

Mitochondria are organelles that c____ o____ c____ r____ in nearly all e____ cells.
C____ r____ involves the c____ of c____ e____ in f____ to c____ e____ in a____ t____ (ATP).

carry out cellular respiration, eukaryotic
Cellular respiration, conversion, chemical energy, food, chemical energy, adenosine triphosphate.

Mitochondria consist of t____ i____ c____.

1. The i____ s____ is the n____ r____ between the i____ and o____ m____.

2. The m____ m____ contains the m____ D__, r____, and m____ e____ that c____ some of the r____ i____ in c____ r____.

two internal compartments.

1. intermembrane space, narrow region, innter, outer membranes.

2. mitochondrial matrix, mitochondrial DNA, ribosomes, many enzymes, involved, cellular respiration.

Chloroplasts are the p____ organelles in p____ and a____.

P____ is the c____ of l____ e____ from the s____ to c____ e____ in s____ m____.

Chloroplasts are p____ into c____.
The key parts of a chloroplast are the s____, t____, and g____.

photosynthesizing, plants, algae.
Photosynthesis, conversion, light energy, sun, chemical energy, sugar molecules.

partitioned, compartments.
stroma, thylakoids, grana

Chloroplasts

C____ m____ are e____ in the t____ m____ of the chloroplasts, which is also the s____ of p____.

Chlorophyll molecules, embedded, thylakoid membranes, site, photosynthesis.

Cytoskeleton in cells consists of a n____ of p____ f____ that are i____ in the cell’s s____ s____ and m____.

It includes m____, i____ f____, and m____, which work together to m____ c____ s____, a____ and m____ o____ within the cell, m____ a____, and c____ m____.

network, protein fibers, involved, structural support, motility.

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules, maintain cell shape, anchor, move organelles, move amoeboids, contract muscles.

Cytoskeleton

Microfilaments s____ the cell’s s____ and are involved in m____.

Intermediate filaments r____ c____ s____ and a____ o____.

Microtubules s____ the cell and act as t____ for m____ p____.

support, shape, motility.

reinforce cell shape, anchor organelles.

shape, tracks, motor protein.

Both f____ and c____ are made of m____ w____ in an e____ of their p___ m____.

F____ are l____ than c____ and their function is to p____ a cell by an u____, w____-l____ m____.

C___ are s____ and n____, usually s____ s____ with an o____-l____ m____.

flagella, cilia, microtubules wrapped, extension, plasma membrane.

Flagella, longer, cilia, propel, undulating, whip-like motion.

Cilia, short, numerous, sweep substances, oar-like movement.

Microtubules

A r____ of n____ m____ d____ surrounds a c____ p____ of m____.
This arrangement is called the ____ pattern and is a____ in a b____ b____ with n____ m____ t____ arranged in a r____.

ring, nine microtubule doublets, central pair, microtubules.
9 + 2, anchored, basal body, nine microtubule triplets, ring.

Most p____, ____, f____, and all p____ c____ have a c____ w____ around their p____ m____.
It p____, s____, and m____ c____ s____.

prokaryotes, protists, fungi, plant cells, cell wall, plasma membrane.
protects, supports, maintains cell shape.

What connects plant cells?

plasmodesmata

Plasmodesmata lies between the c___ w____ of two a____ plant cells.
It is a g____ that is filled with c____ to allow s____ to p____ t____.

cell walls, adjacent
gap, cytoplasm, substances, pass through.

Animals cells s____ and s____ an e____ m____ (ECM), which b____ t____ c____ together, s____ the p____ m____, and c____ with the c____.

The ECM may a____ to the cell through other g____ that then b____ to m____ p____ called i____.
These i____ s____ the p____ m____ and c____ to the m____ in the c____.

synthesize, secrete, extracellular matrix, binds tissue cells, supports, plasma membrane, communicates, cytoskeleton.

attach, glycoproteins, bind, membrane proteins, integrins.
integrins span, plasma membrane, connect, microfilaments, cytoskeleton.

Adjacent cells in animal tissues c____, i____, and a____ through s____ j____ between them:

1. Tight junctions form a l____ s____ and p____ the l____ of e____ f____ across a layer of e____ c____.

2. Anchoring junctions f____ cells together into s____ t____.

3. Gap junctions are c____ that a____ m____ to f____ between cells.

communicate, interact, adhere, specialized junctions

1. leakproof sheet, prevent, leakage, extracellular fluid, layer, epithelial cells.

2. fasten, strong tissue

3. channels, allow molecules, flow

The nucleus is involved in D___ r____, R____ s____, and the a____ of r____ s____ in the n____.

DNA replication, RNA synthesis, assembly, ribosomal subunits, nucleolus.

The ribosomes are involved in p____ s____.

protein synthesis

The rough ER is involved in the s____ of m____ l____ and p____, s____ p____, and h____ e____, as well as the f____ of t____ v____.

synthesis, membrane lipids, proteins, secretory proteins, hydrolytic enzymes, formation, transport vesicles.

The smooth ER is involved in l____ s____, d____ of h____ s____ in l____ c____, and c____ i____ s____ in m____ c____.

lipid synthesis, detoxification, harmful substances, liver cells, calcium ion storage, muscle cells.

The Golgi apparatus is involved in the m____ an s____ of E___ p____, and the f____ of l____ and t____ v____.

modification, sorting, ER proteins, formation, lysosomes, transport vesicles.

Lysosomes are commonly only present in ____ cells.
They are responsible for the d____ of i____ f____ or b____, and the r____ of a cell’s d____ o____ and m____.

animal
digestion, ingested food, bacteria, recycling, damaged organelles, macromolecules.

Vacuoles

Food vacuoles are responsible for d____.

Contractile vacuoles are responsible for w____ b____.

The c____ vacuole in plants are responsible for the s____ of c____ and c____ e____.

digestion

water balance

central, storage, chemicals, cell enlargement.

Peroxisomes are ____ a part of the endomembrane system.
They are involved in d____ m____ p____, and b____ d____ the t____ b____—h____ p____.

not

diverse metabolic processes, break down, toxic byproduct—hydrogen peroxide.