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What is the difference between germline cells and somatic cells?
Germline cells are haploid (23 chromosomes) and participate in reproduction, while somatic cells are diploid (46 chromosomes) and make up the body.
What are the basic phases of the cell cycle?
The cell cycle comprises Interphase and M phase (mitosis). In Interphase, the cell prepares for division, while in M phase, the cell divides.
What is mitosis?
Mitosis is the process of nuclear division that results in two identical daughter cells.
How does meiosis differ from mitosis?
Meiosis involves two sequential cell divisions and reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid, while mitosis maintains chromosome number.
What happens during prophase in mitosis?
Chromosomes condense, the nucleolus disappears, centrioles move to poles, spindles begin to form, and the nuclear membrane breaks down.
What is unique about prophase I in meiosis?
Prophase I includes processes like chiasmata formation and homologous chromosome pairing, which do not occur in mitosis.
Describe the stages of mitosis?
Mitosis includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, followed by cytokinesis.
What is cytokinesis and how does it relate to mitosis?
Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm that occurs after mitosis to form two separate cells.
What occurs during anaphase in mitosis?
Sister chromatids split and move to opposite poles of the cell.
What are homologous chromosomes?
Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, and genetic content.
What is the result of meiosis I?
Meiosis I results in two cells, each with a complete set of duplicated chromosomes, each now haploid.
What is the outcome of meiosis II?
Meiosis II results in four haploid cells from the two cells produced in meiosis I.
What is recombination in meiosis?
Recombination is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes that increases genetic diversity.
What are the end products of mitosis?
Mitosis produces two diploid daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell.
What role does the nucleolus play during mitosis?
The nucleolus disappears during prophase and reappears during telophase in the mitosis process.
What happens during telophase?
During telophase, chromosomes reach the poles, nuclear membranes reform, and chromosomes begin to de-condense.
How does cytokinesis differ in plant and animal cells?
In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs through the formation of a cleavage furrow, while in plant cells, a cell plate forms to create a new cell wall.
What is independent assortment in meiosis?
Independent assortment is the random distribution of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I, contributing to genetic diversity.
Why is meiosis important for sexual reproduction?
Meiosis produces haploid gametes necessary for fertilization, maintaining the chromosome number across generations.
