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What were some initial Bolshevik decrees in 1917?
redistribution of private property, banned opposing media, gave workers authority in factories, nationalised banks, women given divorce rights
How many members did the Cheka have by 1918?
10,000
What is Pipes’ machine gun quote?
‘The machine gun became for them the principal instrument of political persuasion.’
What percentage of Constituent Assembly votes did the Bolsheviks receive?
24%
When was the Constituent Assembly?
January 1918
How many casualties were there in the Bolshevik’s takeover of the Constituent Assembly?
approx 100
What is Figes’ quote about the Constituent Assembly?
‘With the closing of the Constituent Assembly the Bolsheviks themselves had become tyrants.’
What did Russia lose in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?
26% of the population, 27% of farmland, 74% of iron ore and coal
What is Trotsky’s quote about the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?
‘It was necessary to give the European workers time to absorb the very fact of the Soviet Revolution.’
When was State Capitalism introduced?
April 1918
Who was involved in the Russian Civil War?
The Red Army (bolsheviks), the White Army (monarchists and other opponents) and the Green Army (peasants and nationalist groups)
What percentage of White Admiral Kolchak’s army deserted in the Russian Civil War?
80%
When was the Royal Family murdered?
August 1918
What is Lynch’s quote about the Greens?
‘Lenin’s government wanted national unity while the Greens wanted local independence.’
What was the bread ration in Petrograd in 1918?
just 50g per day
How did Lenin anger foreign powers in 1918?
cancelled all foreign debts
How much did Britain spend in support of the White Armies?
70 million pounds
By how much did the Red Army outnumber the White Army?
2 to 1
How many Tsarist military specialists did Trotsky recruit during the Civil War?
75,000
What is Trotsky’s quote about the Civil War?
‘Everything for the front!’
How many executions did the Cheka perform during the Civil War?
280,000
How many people did the Tsar’s Okhrana kill in total?
14,000
What key locations did the Bolsheviks control during the Civil War?
Moscow and Petrograd
When was the Red Terror?
1918-1922
When did Fanya Kaplin attempt to assassinate Lenin?
August 1918
When was the Decree on Red Terror Passed?
September 1918
When is Lenin’s quote about the Red Terror?
‘There is absolutely no contradiction between Soviet democracy and the exercise of dictatorial powers.’
Who was the leader of the Cheka?
Iron Felix Dzerzhinsky
What is Service’s quote about the Red Terror?
‘[They] believed that over-killing was better than running the risk of being overthrown.’
When was War Communism introduced?
1918
What were some elements of War Communism?
nationalisation of all factories, banned strikes, state-induced hyperinflation to abolish money, banned private trade, grain requisition
What was Lenin’s slogan during War Communism?
‘he who does not work, neither shall he eat.’
By how much did land under cultivation drop 1917-1921 under War Communism?
40%
By how much did food production drop 1917-1921?
85%
By how much did Petrograd and Moscow’s populations drop during the 1921 Famine?
70% and 50%
How many people died in the 1921 Famine?
5 million
What is the quote from an aide worker during the 1921 Famine?
‘families were killing and devouring fathers, grandfathers and children.’
How many people did the American Relief Administration feed during the 1921 Famine?
10 million
When was the Kronstadt Revolt?
March 1921
How many people participated in the Tambov Revolt after the Civil War?
50,000
How many large peasant rebellions occurred in 1921?
50
What did the Kronstadt Sailors want in the Kronstadt Revolt?
‘Soviets without Bolsheviks.’
How many sailors were in the Kronstadt Revolt?
16,000
What key Bolsheviks were in the Kronstadt Revolt?
Alexander Shlyapnikov and Alexandra Kollontai
How many Red Army soldiers suppressed the Kronstadt Revolt?
50,000
When was the 10th Party Congress?
March 1921
What was ‘On Party Unity’
outlawed all factionalism in the Party
What was the economic state of Russia in 1921 compared to 1913
Every part of industry was at a worse level than in 1913
What were Lenin’s aims at the 10th Party Congress?
‘the closing of ranks within the Party’ and ‘to satisfy, as far as possible, the middle peasantry.’
What were some elements of the New Economic Policy?
ended grain requisitions, allowed private trade, reintroduced currency
What did the Proletariat call the NEP?
the New Exploitation of the Proletariat
What is Fitzpatrick’s quote about the NEP?
‘hard to distinguish from capitalism in practice.’
By how much did food production increase after the NEP?
100%
By how much did wages increases after the NEP?
150%
What is a Russian folk saying about women?
‘A chicken is not a bird, and a peasant woman is not a human being.’
What was the Bolshevik’s education slogan?
‘liquidate illiteracy.’
What percentage of the population were literate in 1897 vs 1927?
28%, 50%
What is Smith’s evaluation of the Revolution?
‘The Bolsheviks had built a rudimentary state, but one that was the antithesis of socialism.’
What is Pipes’ evaluation of the revolution?
‘It succeeded in one thing only- staying in power.’
What new elite emerged during the NEP?
middle-class NEPmen