History- Russian Revolution AOS2

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60 Terms

1
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What were some initial Bolshevik decrees in 1917?

redistribution of private property, banned opposing media, gave workers authority in factories, nationalised banks, women given divorce rights

2
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How many members did the Cheka have by 1918?

10,000

3
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What is Pipes’ machine gun quote?

‘The machine gun became for them the principal instrument of political persuasion.’

4
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What percentage of Constituent Assembly votes did the Bolsheviks receive?

24%

5
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When was the Constituent Assembly?

January 1918

6
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How many casualties were there in the Bolshevik’s takeover of the Constituent Assembly?

approx 100

7
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What is Figes’ quote about the Constituent Assembly?

‘With the closing of the Constituent Assembly the Bolsheviks themselves had become tyrants.’

8
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What did Russia lose in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?

26% of the population, 27% of farmland, 74% of iron ore and coal

9
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What is Trotsky’s quote about the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?

‘It was necessary to give the European workers time to absorb the very fact of the Soviet Revolution.’

10
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When was State Capitalism introduced?

April 1918

11
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Who was involved in the Russian Civil War?

The Red Army (bolsheviks), the White Army (monarchists and other opponents) and the Green Army (peasants and nationalist groups)

12
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What percentage of White Admiral Kolchak’s army deserted in the Russian Civil War?

80%

13
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When was the Royal Family murdered?

August 1918

14
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What is Lynch’s quote about the Greens?

‘Lenin’s government wanted national unity while the Greens wanted local independence.’

15
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What was the bread ration in Petrograd in 1918?

just 50g per day

16
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How did Lenin anger foreign powers in 1918?

cancelled all foreign debts

17
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How much did Britain spend in support of the White Armies?

70 million pounds

18
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By how much did the Red Army outnumber the White Army?

2 to 1

19
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How many Tsarist military specialists did Trotsky recruit during the Civil War?

75,000

20
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What is Trotsky’s quote about the Civil War?

‘Everything for the front!’

21
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How many executions did the Cheka perform during the Civil War?

280,000

22
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How many people did the Tsar’s Okhrana kill in total?

14,000

23
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What key locations did the Bolsheviks control during the Civil War?

Moscow and Petrograd

24
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When was the Red Terror?

1918-1922

25
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When did Fanya Kaplin attempt to assassinate Lenin?

August 1918

26
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When was the Decree on Red Terror Passed?

September 1918

27
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When is Lenin’s quote about the Red Terror?

‘There is absolutely no contradiction between Soviet democracy and the exercise of dictatorial powers.’

28
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Who was the leader of the Cheka?

Iron Felix Dzerzhinsky

29
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What is Service’s quote about the Red Terror?

‘[They] believed that over-killing was better than running the risk of being overthrown.’

30
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When was War Communism introduced?

1918

31
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What were some elements of War Communism?

nationalisation of all factories, banned strikes, state-induced hyperinflation to abolish money, banned private trade, grain requisition

32
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What was Lenin’s slogan during War Communism?

‘he who does not work, neither shall he eat.’

33
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By how much did land under cultivation drop 1917-1921 under War Communism?

40%

34
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By how much did food production drop 1917-1921?

85%

35
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By how much did Petrograd and Moscow’s populations drop during the 1921 Famine?

70% and 50%

36
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How many people died in the 1921 Famine?

5 million

37
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What is the quote from an aide worker during the 1921 Famine?

‘families were killing and devouring fathers, grandfathers and children.’

38
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How many people did the American Relief Administration feed during the 1921 Famine?

10 million

39
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When was the Kronstadt Revolt?

March 1921

40
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How many people participated in the Tambov Revolt after the Civil War?

50,000

41
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How many large peasant rebellions occurred in 1921?

50

42
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What did the Kronstadt Sailors want in the Kronstadt Revolt?

‘Soviets without Bolsheviks.’

43
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How many sailors were in the Kronstadt Revolt?

16,000

44
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What key Bolsheviks were in the Kronstadt Revolt?

Alexander Shlyapnikov and Alexandra Kollontai

45
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How many Red Army soldiers suppressed the Kronstadt Revolt?

50,000

46
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When was the 10th Party Congress?

March 1921

47
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What was ‘On Party Unity’

outlawed all factionalism in the Party

48
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What was the economic state of Russia in 1921 compared to 1913

Every part of industry was at a worse level than in 1913

49
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What were Lenin’s aims at the 10th Party Congress?

‘the closing of ranks within the Party’ and ‘to satisfy, as far as possible, the middle peasantry.’

50
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What were some elements of the New Economic Policy?

ended grain requisitions, allowed private trade, reintroduced currency

51
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What did the Proletariat call the NEP?

the New Exploitation of the Proletariat

52
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What is Fitzpatrick’s quote about the NEP?

‘hard to distinguish from capitalism in practice.’

53
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By how much did food production increase after the NEP?

100%

54
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By how much did wages increases after the NEP?

150%

55
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What is a Russian folk saying about women?

‘A chicken is not a bird, and a peasant woman is not a human being.’

56
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What was the Bolshevik’s education slogan?

‘liquidate illiteracy.’

57
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What percentage of the population were literate in 1897 vs 1927?

28%, 50%

58
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What is Smith’s evaluation of the Revolution?

‘The Bolsheviks had built a rudimentary state, but one that was the antithesis of socialism.’

59
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What is Pipes’ evaluation of the revolution?

‘It succeeded in one thing only- staying in power.’

60
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What new elite emerged during the NEP?

middle-class NEPmen