ap huge complete vocab review - heimler

contagious diffusion

a cultural trait spreads from its place of origin outward

cultural trait spreads as a result of direct contact between individuals or groups, and which spreads without reference to status, wealth, class, etc.

idea, trend, or disease spreads quickly from person to person, like a virus.

cultural hearth

the area where a cultural trait originates and is most concentrated

ecumene

the portion of land on the earth’s surface that is permanently inhabited by humans

part of the world where people have made permanent homes and live.

xenophobia

fear or dislike of foreigners different from one’s own self

ethnocentrism

the belief that one's own culture is superior to others

acculturation

adopting some cultural traits from another culture, but they keep parts of their original culture

cultural landscape

visible imprint of human activity on the landscape

hierarchical diffusion

spread of an idea or innovation from elite places or people to more common places or people

when an idea or trend spreads from a person or place of power or influence to others, often in a top-down way.

agricultural density

the number of farmers per unit area of farm land

functional region

type of region is defined by a particular economic, political, or cultural activity

a region defined by a common economic or political purpose

a region defined by a central node or focal point and its surrounding areas

globalization

increasing interconnectedness of people and places through technology and communication

urbanization

movement of people from rural to urban areas.

region

a large geographical unit with shared cultural traits and characteristics

an area of the Earth that shares one or more common features, like culture, language, climate, or economy.

fertility rate

the total number of live births per 1,000 people in a given population

mortality rate

number of deaths per 1,000 people in a given population

formal region

defined by physical or cultural characteristics and boundaries → linked by common traits

an area where everyone shares one or more clear, measurable characteristics, like language, climate, or government.

polytheism

the belief in multiple deities or gods

relocation diffusion

spreading of a cultural trait through movement of people from one place to another

population density

The number of people living in a given unit of land, such as persons per square mile

assimilation

the process of one culture completely adopting the cultural traits of another culture

perceptual/vernacular region

region is defined by people's feelings and attitudes about an area

topography

the arrangement of the natural and artificial physical features of an area

the study and description of the physical features of the land, such as hills, mountains, valleys, plains, and elevation.

infant mortality rate

the number of deaths among infants under one year old per 1,000 live births in a given population

life expectancy

the average number of years a person is expected to live in a given population

monotheism

the belief in one supreme being or god

migration

the movement of people within a country

animism

the belief in the existence of spiritual beings and forces in nature

emigration

the process of a population moving away from one region or country to another

immigration

movement of people into a country or region

landform

the physical character of a place, such as mountains, rivers, and climate

a natural feature of the Earth's surface, such as a mountain, valley, plateau, hill, or plain.

Tropical climate

A hot humid climate that produces certain plants, such as cassava, coffee, sugar cane, banana, maize

Agriculture

practice of cultivating domesticated crops and rearing domesticated animals to provide food and other products

Topography

study and description of the forms and physical features of land surfaces

Mediterranean climate

a type of climate that is characterized by hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters.

Intensive agriculture

a type of farming where farmers use a lot of labor, technology, and resources (like water, fertilizers, and machines) to grow crops or raise animals in a small area of land.

Market gardening

the type of farming where small farms grow fruits, vegetables, or flowers to sell directly to markets, grocery stores, or restaurants.

Subsistence agriculture

farming where people grow just enough food to feed themselves and their families, with little or no surplus for trade.

Commercial agriculture

farming where the crops and livestock are grown to be sold for profit. The focus is on producing large quantities of food to sell in markets, rather than just for personal use.

Truck farming

a type of commercial farming where fruits and vegetables are grown for sale, usually in nearby cities or towns. These farms often use trucks to transport the crops to markets.

Plantation

a large farm that grows a single crop, often for commercial sale. These crops are usually tropical, like cotton, coffee, sugar, or tea.

Mixed crop/livestock agriculture

when a farm grows crops and raises animals (like cows, pigs, or chickens) at the same time. The crops and animals help each other, with animals providing manure for the crops and crops providing food for the animals.

Root crops

plants grown for their edible underground parts, like the roots. (potato, carrot, etc)

Cash crops

crops grown mainly for sale and profit, rather than for personal use.

Wet-rice farming

a type of farming where rice is grown in flooded fields, also called paddies. The fields are kept wet with water while the rice grows, which is common in areas with a lot of rain or access to water.

Grain farming

type of farming where crops like wheat, corn, rice, or oats are grown mainly for food or commercial use. These crops are harvested for their seeds, which are used to make flour, cereal, or animal feed.

Livestock fattening

the practice of feeding animals, like cattle or pigs, a special diet to make them grow bigger and gain more weight quickly before they are sold for meat.

Dairy farming

raising animals like cows or goats to produce milk, which is then used to make products like cheese, butter, and yogurt.

Intensive Agriculture

a type of farming where a lot of work, money, or technology is used on a small area of land to grow as much food as possible.

Shifting cultivation

a type of farming where people clear a piece of land, grow crops for a few years, and then move to a new area when the soil becomes less fertile.

Swidden

the patch of land that has been cleared by cutting and burning vegetation so crops can be planted. It's used in shifting cultivation farming.

Intercropping

is when farmers grow two or more crops in the same field at the same time to use the land better and help the crops grow well together.

Nomadic pastoralism

a way of life where people move from place to place with their animals, like sheep, goats, or camels, looking for fresh grass and water.

Ranching

a type of farming where people raise animals like cows or sheep on large open land. The animals usually roam and graze freely, and the ranchers take care of them for meat, wool, or other products.

Rural settlement

small group of people living outside an urban area

a community or area located outside of cities and towns.

Clustered settlement

Tightly bunched farm settlement most commonly found in Europe or densely settled farming areas in Asia

a type of settlement where buildings or homes are close together, often forming a village or town.

Dispersed settlement

a type of settlement where buildings or homes are spread out over a large area, rather than being grouped together in one place.

Linear settlement

settlement pattern in which buildings are typically in a line, often along a road or river, and property lines are shaped as rectangles

a type of settlement where buildings or homes are arranged in a line, typically along a road, river, or other natural features.

Cadastral system

Systematic method of land survey through which land ownership and property lines are defined

a way of recording and organizing land ownership and boundaries.

Long-lot survey

a system of land division where property lots are long and narrow, typically stretching back from a river, road, or another natural feature.

This system was commonly used in areas like France and parts of Canada to give people access to water or important transportation routes while keeping the land divided in a way that allowed each lot to have a similar amount of resources.

Metes and bounds

a system used to describe land boundaries using physical features, distances, and directions. It often includes landmarks, such as trees, rivers, or roads, and specific measurements (like feet or miles) to mark the edges of a property.

Township and range

a system used in the United States to divide land into square units for easier mapping and settlement.

Second Agricultural Revolution

• took place in the 17th and 18th centuries.

• It involved new farming techniques, like crop rotation, selective breeding of animals, and the use of tools like the seed drill.

• This made farming more efficient, increased food production, and supported population growth, especially in Europe.

• helped lead to the Industrial Revolution.

First Agricultural Revolution

• the shift from hunting and gathering to farming around 10,000 years ago.

• People began to domesticate animals and grow crops like wheat, barley, and rice.

• This change allowed societies to settle in one place and form villages, leading to the development of civilizations.

Third Agricultural Revolution

• changes in farming that happened mainly in the 20th century.

• use of new technologies like advanced machinery, fertilizers, and genetically modified crops, which increased food production and efficiency.

• development of factory farming and the global spread of modern farming techniques.

Hearth

center where ideas or new practices develop, and the place from which they diffuse

the place where something begins or originates and spread to other places

Fertile Crescent

Area in Southwest Asia situated between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that served as the earliest center for domestication of seed plants

Indus River Valley

River valley in South Asia which is the site of the earliest domestication of plants and herd animals

Western Africa

Area of the earliest domestication of peanuts, yams, coffee, millet, and a breed of cattle

Central America

Area that served as an important center of domestication of maize, tomatoes, squash, and beans

Columbian Exchange

The interaction and widespread transfer of plants, animals, disease and technology between the Americas, West Africa, and Europe

Mechanical reaper

a machine used for harvesting crops like wheat or oats. It cuts and gathers the crops from the field much faster than doing it by hand, making farming more efficient.

Seed drill

machine for planting seeds in a row

Scythe

An agricultural hand tool that has a curved blade for cutting grain

Synthetic fertilizers

man-made chemical substances used to add nutrients, like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, to the soil to help plants grow.

Herbicides

Industrially manufactured chemicals that are used to treat agricultural crops so as to kill any plants that might cause a disruption in the growth of the desired product

Pesticides

Industrially manufactured chemicals that are used to treat agricultural crops so as to kill any insects or animals that might try to damage the crop

Mono-cropping

Growing one crop in a farm system year after year

Monoculture

the practice of growing only one type of crop in a field or area over a long period of time.

Double-cropping

the practice of growing two different crops in the same field within one year. It means planting one crop, harvesting it, and then planting a second crop in the same field, often to make the best use of the land and growing season.

Commodity Chain

series of steps involved in producing a product, from gathering raw materials to manufacturing and finally to selling it to consumers.

Agribusiness

businesses involved in the production, processing, and distribution of agricultural products. This includes companies that grow crops, raise animals, process food, and sell products like seeds, fertilizers, and equipment.

Capital expenditures

refer to the money spent by businesses, governments, or organizations to build or improve infrastructure, such as roads, bridges, schools, and factories, that help support economic activities. These are long-term investments meant to enhance the overall productivity and development of an area.

Large-scale commercial operation

a business that produces goods or services on a very large scale, often with advanced technology and many workers. These operations are focused on making a profit and usually sell their products in bulk, often across regions or countries.

large farms that grow and sell crops or raise animals for mass markets.

Agricultural cooperative

a group of farmers who join together to work collectively. They pool their resources to buy supplies, share equipment, or sell their products more efficiently.

family farm

farming operation owned by an individual family unit that sells its products to a defined market

a farm that is owned and operated by a family. The family members are typically involved in the day-to-day work of farming, and the farm is passed down from one generation to the next.

Contract farming

farmers agree to grow certain crops or raise animals for a company or buyer. The buyer provides resources like seeds, tools, or equipment, and the farmer agrees to sell the produce at a set price. This helps farmers get guaranteed buyers, but it also means they have less control over what they grow and how they grow it.

Concentrated animal feeding operation (CAFO)

a large farm where many animals, like cows, pigs, or chickens, are kept in a small area to produce meat, milk, or eggs. These animals are fed a controlled diet to maximize production. Can raise a lot of animals quickly but often raise concerns about animal welfare, pollution, and the spread of diseases.

Von Thunen Model

a theory that explains how the location of different types of farming depends on how far they are from a central market. The model suggests that:

1. Perishable goods (like dairy) are grown closest to the market.

2. Other crops or livestock that are less perishable but need more space, like wheat or cattle, are grown farther away.

3. Transportation costs and land value are key factors in where each type of farming takes place.

Cool Chain

system that uses refrigeration and food-freezing technology to keep farm products fresh in every stage of transport from farm to grocer

system of transporting and storing products, like food or medicine, at a low temperature to keep them fresh and safe from spoiling.

Desertification

previously fertile lands become arid and unusable for farming

fertile land becomes dry and unproductive, turning into desert-like conditions.

Deforestation

negative environmental effect of clearing forests for agricultural land use

Salinization

the amount of salt increases in the soil often due to irrigation

Land cover change

alteration or transformation of the Earth's surface due to natural processes or human activities. (forests being cleared for agriculture, urbanization, or the expansion of water bodies.)

Crossbreeding

mixing different species or varieties of plants or animals

Hybrid

offspring of two plants or animals of different species or varieties

Genetically modified organism

A living organism that is produced through genetic engineering

Sustainable agriculture

farming that focuses on producing food in a way that protects the environment, supports local communities, and ensures the land can continue to produce for future generations.

Organic farming

a method of farming that avoids using synthetic chemicals, like pesticides and fertilizers. Instead, it relies on natural processes, such as crop rotation, composting, and biological pest control, to maintain soil health and produce food.

Aquaculture

cultivation and harvesting of aquatic organisms in ponds and controlled saltwater hatcheries

Community-supported agriculture (CSA)

a system where local people buy shares in a farm's harvest before the season starts. In return, they receive fresh produce regularly throughout the season. This helps farmers with upfront costs and connects them directly with their customers.