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What are the sensory receptors for touch?
mechanoreceptors
What are the sensory receptors for taste?
gustatory cells
What is the process by which all sensory information is converted into electrical/chemical messages so they van be processed in the brain?
neurotransmission
Where is all sensory information except small processed before traveling to the specific lobes?
Thalamus
Why is Selective Attention, Absolute Threshold, Difference Threshold, Signal Detection Theory, and Priming so important to Sensation and Perception?
Selective Attention: allows one to focus on certain specific sensory information, while ignoring other sensory input
Absolute Threshold: the minimum amount of energy for a stimulus to be registered as a sensation is known as the absolute threshold
Difference Threshold: minimum difference between 2 stimuli required for detection 50% of the time. We experience this as a just noticeable difference.
Signal Detection Theory: theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint signal amid background noise
Priming: the idea that exposure to one stimulus may influence a response to a subsequent stimulus, without conscious guidance or intention.
Homeostasis, which is the goal of drive reduction, is defined as
a tendency to motivation a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
Prior to many structured experiments, psychologist and scientists gather information through "naturalistic observation." Which of the following represents naturalistic observation?
Researching watch and record how elementary school children interact on the playground
A journalism student is writing an article about her schools new phone policy. She wants to interview a random sample of students. Which is the best example of a random sample?
Pulling the names of five students from a hat including the names of all students
A test with normally distributed results was returned to a class of 100 students. Later, the teacher realized an error was made and added 10 points to each student's score. Which of the following must have change?
The mode
If a students percentile rank on a standardized test is "68," then that means the student
Scored as well or better than 68 percent of students
Which of the following is used to examine results in correlation studies?
Scatterplot
The difference between the Independent Variable and the Dependent Variable is
Which one is controlled and which one represents the outcome
What part of the brain controls the sense of sight?
occipital lobe
What part of the brain controls the sense of hearing?
auditory cortex
What part of the brain controls the sense of touch?
parietal lobe
What are the sensory receptors for sight?
rods and cones
What are the sensory receptors for sound?
hair cells
At a party with dozens of people talking and music playing, humans still have the ability to focus and hear the conversation they are having. This is an example of...
Selective attention
What are the specific differences between Bottom
up and Top
Bottom
down: we allow the stimulus itself shape our perception without any preconceived ideas.
Top
down: we use our background knowledge and expectations to interpret what we see.
The philosopher
psychologist William James founded the Functionalist school of psychology. His belief was that thinking
Two opposing approaches/perspectives that dominated from early 1900s through the 1950s were...
psychoanalysis and behavioralism
What are the main ideas/concepts of the Evolutionary Approach, Psychoanalysis, Behavioralism, the Biological Approach, and Humanism
Evolutionary Approach: Study of behavior, thought, and feelings viewed through the lens of evolutionary biology
Psychoanalysis: Freuds theory that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts
Behavioralism: Studies behavior without reference to mental processes
The Biological Approach: Explains mental processes by focusing on nervous system
Humanism: Perspective emphasizes looking at whole individuals and stresses concepts such as: free will, self
efficancy, etc...
In recents years, and through combining multiple approaches, psychology now focuses on these three main "Level of Analysis"
Biopsychosocial
Biological, psychological, social
Researchers found that individuals with lower income levels report getting fewer hours of total sleep. Based on that finding, they concluded income and sleep levels are:
income and sleep levels are positively correlated
Positive and negative environmental stimuli that motivative behavior are called
incentives
An aroused or activated state that is often triggered by physiological need is called a
drive
Like evolutionary psychology, instinct theory most clearly assumed that behavior is influenced by
genetic predispositions
Motivation is defined by psychologists as
a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
The idea that one should be alerted but not overly aroused to perform best on a test is most closely related to which of the following
Yerkes
According to Optimal Arousal Theory, what task would you perform best with lower levels of arousal?
when you have more challenging tasks
How are internal locus, external locus and learned helplessness connected to motivation
to human behavior and thought processes?
External locus: believes that their behavior is guided by fate, luck, or other external circumstances
Learned helplessness: often occurs in response to stressful situations or traumatic experiences in which a person feels they have limited control over the outcome
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