NR-NUR 124 Pharmacology Prelim Review

A complete set of Q&A practice flashcards covering introductory pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, pharmacovigilance, drug laws, and dosage calculations based on the lecture transcript.

What is the definition of pharmacognosy?

The identification and preparation of crude drugs from natural sources.

What is toxicology?

The study of the poisonous aspects of drugs.

What is pharmacotherapeutics?

Also known as Clinical Pharmacology, it is the branch of pharmacology that uses drugs to treat, prevent, and diagnose diseases.

How is pharmacokinetics defined?

The study of how drugs are affected by the biological system, summarizing what the body does to the drug.

How is pharmacodynamics defined?

The study of the effects of drugs in biological systems, summarizing what the drug does to the body.

What is the difference between endogenous and exogenous substances?

Endogenous substances originate from within the body, whereas exogenous substances originate outside the organism.

What are the three main types of drug names?

Chemical name, generic (official) name, and brand (trade) name.

What animal sources were historically or currently used for insulin and heparin?

Insulin originated from cow or pig pancreas, and heparin is derived from animal sources.

How many subjects are involved in Phase 1 of clinical drug testing?

$20-100$ subjects.

How long after filing an application does a drug patent expire?

$20$ years.

What are the four primary processes of pharmacokinetics?

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Elimination.

What are the four modes of drug transport across biological membranes?

Passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and endocytosis.

What is the difference between phagocytosis and pinocytosis?

Phagocytosis is cell eating of solid substances, whereas pinocytosis is cell drinking of fluids.

What is the pathway of first-pass hepatic metabolism for oral medications?

GI tract to Portal Circulation to Systemic Circulation.

What is the mathematical equation for calculating bioavailability?

$$\text{Bioavailability} = \frac{\text{AUC}_{oral}}{\text{AUC}_{IV}} \times 100\%$$

Which route of administration has a bioavailability of $100\%$ by definition?

Intravenous (IV).

What are the criteria for drugs to safely cross or be restricted by the placental barrier during pregnancy?

Safe drugs in pregnancy are water soluble, large molecules, and highly protein-bound.

Which substances can cross the blood-brain barrier?

Only lipid-soluble or low molecular weight drugs (e.g., Lithium, Ethanol, Levodopa, Dopamine).

What is the primary phase I enzyme system involved in oxidative metabolism?

Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) system.

Which CYP450 enzyme is the most abundant and metabolizes $60\%$ of drugs?

CYP3A4.

What is the primary organ responsible for drug elimination?

The kidney.

What characterizes zero-order kinetics in drug elimination?

A constant amount of the drug is eliminated per unit time, independent of plasma concentration, with no constant half-life.

What characterizes first-order kinetics in drug elimination?

A constant fraction of the drug is eliminated per unit time, maintaining a constant half-life.

What is minimum effective concentration (MEC)?

The concentration level a drug must reach in plasma in order to exert its intended therapeutic effect.

What is the definition of drug efficacy?

The maximal effect an agonist can achieve at the highest practical concentrations.

What is the formula for the therapeutic index?

$$\text{Therapeutic Index} = \frac{TD_{50}}{ED_{50}}$$

What defines FDA Pregnancy Category X?

Evidence of fetal risk and abnormalities where the risks clearly outweigh any potential therapeutic benefits.

What is Republic Act 6675?

The Generics Act of $1988$, an act to promote, require, and ensure the production, distribution, and use of drugs identified by generic name.

What is Republic Act 9165?

The Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of $2002$.

What is the basic formula for dosage calculation?

$\text{Dose} = \frac{D}{H} \times Q$ where $D$ is the desired amount, $H$ is the amount on hand, and $Q$ is the quantity.