Ch2,4 - Biochemistry and Macromolecules

1) When fat is digested, what molecules are released? Meaning what components is fat broken down into?

Glycerol backbone with 3 fatty acids

2) How can you tell if something is "alive"?

Grow, reproduce, use energy, DNA, homeostasis

3) Using infographic 4.1 at the back of the study guide, what is C?

Enzyme Substrate Complex

4) Why do you need vitamins and minerals? What happens if you do not have enough?

Enzymes rely on vitamins as cofactors (robin to batman) in helping attach the enzyme to the substrate. Cell function cannot occur without these vitamins

5) What do organic molecules have, what are their atoms?

C-H Bonds

6) Define neutrons. Where is it located?

Definition: Subatomic particle of about the same mass as a proton but without an electric charge
Location: Present in all atomic nuclei except those of ordinary hydrogen.

7) Orange juice has a pH of 3, where soda has a pH of 4. Which is more acidic AND by how much?

Orange juice is more acidic by 1pH

8) YES or NO: Does homeostasis help with temperature and pH regulation? Why I this important for enzymes?

Yes, it does. Enzymes can only function at the correct temperature and pH.

9) What is a nucleic acid?

A monomer of DNA

10) What is atomic mass?

Mass of protons and neutrons added together in the nucleus

11) Using infographic 4.1 at the back of the study guide, what is A?

Substrate

12) Since an enzyme is often named after the molecule that it reacts with, name the enzymes used for lactose, pectin, proteins, lipids.

Lactase, pectinase, protease, lipase,

13) Using infographic 4.1 at the back of the study guide, what is B?

Enzyme

14) Do viruses share all the characteristics of life?

No, they don't have all the characteristics.

15) Using infographic 4.3 at the back of the study guide, which enzyme(s) works best in hot temperatures? Which enzyme(s) would work best in the human body whose temperature is 37 degrees C?

Y, X would work best in Humans

16) How many amino acids are there?

20

17) If a hospital receives 400 grams of radioactive iodine 131, and the half-life is 8 days, how much will be left in 40 days?

40 days = 12.5 g

18) What type of macromolecules are carbohydrates? List some?

Polysaccharides, bread, pasta, rice

19) List all the macromolecules that make up food.

Proteins, carbs, fats

20) Define covalent bond.

Two atoms sharing an electron, usually nonmetals

21) What are macromolecules broken into when needed for cell use? Example: DNA is broken into nucleotides.

Broken into monomers:
Proteins = amino acids,
Starch = monosaccharides,
Fats = glycerol and fatty acids

22) If you hold a bite of cracker in your mouth it will begin to dissolve with your saliva. Meat in your mouth will not. What does this tell you about your spit?

Your spit has enzymes that break down carbohydrates, and even some fats

23) When an atom is neutral in charge, what does this mean?

There is an equal number of protons (+) and electrons (-)

24) How many bonding sites does each element have listed? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen what is the ionization charge of each?

Bonding sites are determined by how many electrons are needed to fill the outer shell.
Hydrogen has 1, +1
Oxygen has 2, -2
Carbon has 4, +4 or -4

25) Using infographic 4.3, at what temperature do all the enzymes have the same amount of activity?

45 degrees C

26) What is the difference between anabolic and catabolic reactions?

Catabolic breakdowns molecules while anabolic synthesis molecules

27) What are complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides) made from?

Polysaccharides or starch is made from monomers of single sugar molecules (ex: glucose)

28) What was the first supplement that Dr. Manary give to malnourished children to help improve their muscle and nerve problems?

He first gave them potassium in fortified milk. Fatalities dropped from 33% to 10%.

29) What type of molecule is lactose? Why are people lactose intolerant?

Disaccharide sugar, they do not have an enzyme to break the sugar into monosaccharides.

30) During digestion, what are proteins, carbs and fats broken down into? I know you answered this similar question above but there are 2 test questions at least on this topic.

Amino Acids, simple sugars

31) Why do some believe viruses ARE living?

Virus's change over time (mutate), they get a host to reproduce for them, and they have DNA or RNA.

32) Using infographic 4.6 on RUTF, how did RUTF work as a full meal replacement compared to it being just a supplement?

This peanut butter RUTF was more effective in treating malnutrition than a full dietary supplement

33) Which solution has the STRONGEST ACID? Which solution has the HIGHEST pH?
Solution 1 has 1,000 free H+ ions in a one-liter solution
Solution 2 has 10,000 H+ ions in a one-liter solution
Solution 3 has 100,000 H+ ions in a one-liter solution
Solution 4 has 1,000,000 H+ ions in a one-liter solution

Strongest acid: Solution 4, highest H+ ions
Highest pH: Solution 1, lowest H+ ions

34) When a person is anemic, what are they lacking in their diet?

They lack enough iron in their blood. Iron helps carry oxygen to the cells

35) What is missing from the diet if you have scurvy?

You are not getting enough vitamin C.

36) What are enzymes?

Enzymes are Specialized Proteins That Aid in Metabolism

37) During catabolism, what happens to the substrate?

The substrate is broken down by enzymes

38) If there is life on Mars, what type of life is it most likely to be?

Bacterial

39) What macromolecule do cells use first for energy requirements?

Carbohydrates are broken down first, glycogen (muscle sugar) is used before fat is ever used.

40) What does iodine in salt help with?

A goiter commonly develops as a result of iodine deficiency or inflammation of the thyroid gland.

41) Why should vegetarians eat legumes, soy, beans, peanuts?

True vegans are advised to eat a lot of legumes (peanut butter certain beans, peas, soy because they have a high protein content for being a vegetable. Your body can only remake 11 of the amino acids into human protein. The other 9 must be gotten from food.

42) What are the 4 most abundant elements in the human body? Most, to least

In order of abundance
Oxygen= 65%
Carbon = 18%
Hydrogen 10%
Nitrogen = 3%
Calcium = 1.5%
Phosphorus= 1%

43) What are the roles of lipids? There are 4 main ones.

Lipids help the body with insulation, energy storage, hormones, and parts of the cell membrane

44) At what pH does the blood become acidosis, from too much carbon dioxide in the blood and not enough oxygen?

Less than 7.35

45) YES or NO: are micronutrients required for proper growth and development? On the test, one of the answers says that they are always smaller than macronutrients. That isn't always true. Don't' choose that answer. They are needed is smaller amounts compared to macronutrients

Yes

46) What does it mean to say a macromolecule is also a polymer? Give the definition and then give an example.

Polymers are made up of many repeating subunits protein, carbohydrates are examples

47) Which are which? P = polymers M = monomers E = elements
DNA
Lipids
Carbon
Nucleotide
Phosphorus
Alpha Glucose
Beta Glucose
Nitrogen
Hydrogen
Polysaccharide
Carbohydrate
Amino Acid
Oxygen
Protein
Polypeptide
Cholesterol

P = polymers M = monomers E = elements
P DNA
M Lipids
E Carbon
M Nucleotide
E Phosphorus
M Alpha Glucose
M Beta Glucose
E Nitrogen
E Hydrogen
P Polysaccharide
P Carbohydrate
M Amino Acid
E Oxygen
P Protein
P Polypeptide
M Cholesterol

48) Draw a simple example of an enzyme inhibitor

Inhibitors prevent the enzyme, or molecule from doing its job

49) Why would a coach ask you to drink milk after a strenuous practice, calling it a recovery drink?

Whole milk is a complete macromolecule food, with many micronutrients

50) Why is RUTF so important?

RUTF contains both micro and macronutrients.

51) Why do we need vitamin D? What is rickets?

Rickets is a disease that happens when you do not get enough vitamin D. It affects bone development. Drinking milk, taking calcium and going outside in the sun for 15 minutes will help with getting more vitamin D.

52) Many children in developing countries do suffer from malnutrition but some in the USA do. Why?

More African mothers breast feed than American mothers.

53) What does each enzyme listed below catabolize or anabolize:
Protease
Sucrase
Catalase
Pectinase
Lactase
Lipase

Protease catabolizes protein
Sucrase catabolizes sucrose
Catalase catabolizes peroxide
Pectinase catabolizes pectin
Lactase anabolizes lactose
Lipase anabolizes lipids

54) Write YES or NO for each statement relating to water.
Polar
Cohesive
Adhesive
Liquid at 4 degrees
C Solid at 0 degrees C
Non-Polar
Dissolves all biological molecules
Has a pH of 9

YES or NO:
Water is polar: Yes
Water is cohesive: Yes
Water is adhesive: Yes
Water is liquid at 4 degrees: Yes
Water is solid at 0 degrees: Yes
Water is non-polar: No
Water dissolves all biological molecules: No, dissolves most though
Water has a pH of 9: No

55) The half-life of Strontium 90 is 25 years. If you have 10 grams, how much will be left in 100 years?

.625 grams

56) What happens to your skin if you put a strong acid or a strong base on your skin?

Both strong acids and strong bases are harmful to human body tissue. Bleach and oven cleaner are strong bases. Battery acid is a strong acid

57) What is metabolism?

Metabolism is all biochemical reactions in a cell. Building up molecules or tearing them down.

58) In the molecular models lab (balls lab) you made a molecule of glucose. Is this catabolism or anabolism?

Anabolism because were constructing/making up the molecule of glucose

59) What can potentially happen to people who only eat meat and no carbs or fats?

If humans only ate meat, they would not be getting the carbohydrates and would not be able to make your cell membrane

60) Using infographic 2.1 at the back of the study guide, which element(s) is/are an isotope (Differ of P & N)? Which are ions (Differ of P & E)?

Isotopes are Oxygen and Calcium

Ions are Calcium and Potassium

Helium and Neon are not isotopes or ions because their neutrons and electrons are all the same as their protons.

61) How does a vitamin act as a coenzyme?

The vitamin will attach to an enzyme and slightly change the shape of it, to help the enzyme fit with the substrate

62) Do enzymes make reactions go faster or slower? More or less activation energy?

Happens faster needing less energy

63) When making saltwater solution, which is the solute, and which is the solvent?

Solute= Salt
Solvent = water
Solution = Salt Water

64) How are a cholesterol molecule , and a triglyceride molecule structurally different?

Triglycerides are composed of three fatty acids and one glycerol molecule, while cholesterol is composed of four fused hydrocarbon rings.