LING 101, chapter 2, section 9

independence in speech

due to rapidity of speech, you don’t produce 2 sounds independent of each other

coarticulation

more than one articulator is active

coarticulation is more likely to happen

when adjacent speech sounds use the same articulator

articulatory processes

change the nature of independence segments and are the articulatory adjustments that occur during production of connected speech

articulatory adjustments

also known as phonological processes, they improve efficiency

lengthening segments

takes more effort but improves ability to perceive sound

assimilation

the influence of one segment on another causing a sound to become more like a nearby sound (phonetic characteristics wise)

nasalization

where a speaker anticipates the lowering of the velum in advance of a nasal segment in a vowel before a nasal consonant

nasality is marked with…

a tilde [~]

velarization

back of the tongue raised toward velum while another consonant is still being produced

ex: the ng sound in bank

regressive assimilation

moves backwards to preceding segments

progressive assimilation

moves forward to following segment

voicing assimilation

devoicing and voicing other segments

devoicing

voiced segments become voiceless as vocal folds not set in motion immediately after release of voiceless consonant closure

voicing

voiceless sounds become voiced

place assimilation

place of articulation is acquired from surrounding segment

flapping

dental/alveolar stop changes to flap articulation

• ex: [t] and [d] when between vowels (butter)

alveolar flap

always voiced

dissimilation

2 sounds become less alike (articulatory or acoustic0

• rarer than assimilation

example of dissimilation

words ending in 3 consecutive fricatives (fifths)

deletion

removes segment/dropping a sound from phonetic contexts to simplify

• often in everyday rapid speech

• ex: parade often shortened to drop the initial vowel

deletion is an alternative

to dissimilation as it still simplifies to increase efficiency

epenthesis

inserting a segment into existing string (non syllabic or syllabic)

what is consonant epenthesis an example of

coarticulation phenomenon

all epenthesis are

nonsonorant with the same articulation place as the sonorant before and the same voicing as the nonsonorant after

metathesis

reorders the sequence of segments

vowel reduction

the articulation of vowels moves to a central position often when vowels are unstressed

vowel reduction is typically

typically a schwa