Microbio Unit 1

main themes of microbiology

Atom

Smallest unit of matter

protons

positive charge

1 AMU

determines the atomic number

atomic mass is based on protons and neutrons

neutrons

neutral charge

1 AMU

atomic mass is based on protons and neutrons

electrons

negative charge

0.000000001 AMU (very small)

valence electrons

electrons on the outer most shell

isotopes

change neutrons(more or less than protons)

Ions

change the electrons(makes it positive or negative)

cation

pawsitive (+)

anion

negative

molecule

Join 2 or more atoms together(bond)

chemical bonds

ionic bond

covalent

ionic bond

Positive and negative come together

giving or taking electrons

weak bonds

covalent bond

sharing valence electrons

Polar - when the sharing is unequal

electronegative - fluorine and oxygen

electronegativity

tells us if it is polar or nonpolar

water being a solvent

water has the ability to break down

hydrolysis

hydrophillic

loves water

polar

hydrophobic

does not like water

nonpolar

amphipathic

have both hydrophobic(nonpolar) and hydrophilic(polar) properties

acid

release a hydrogen

high concentration of H+(proton)

HCL

bases

release a hydroxyl ion(-OH)

NaOH

pH scale

14 - base

0 - acid

add or subtract a zero if number on scale changes

buffer

maintain a pH

functional groups

allow molecules to link up to other molecules

adapters

carbohydrate

CHO

1:2:1

linear

Isomers

same formula; different structure

glycosinic linkage

proteins

made of amino acids(20 different)

linked by peptide bond

amino acids

amino(NH2)

carboxyl group(COOH)

R

peptides

amino acids joined together

Nucleic Acids

DNA and RNA

DNA

only one oxygen

ATGC

double-helix

RNA

two oxygen

AUGC