exam 3

Much or all of our behavior is driven by a

motive

the motive for all of our behavior is biologically programmed inside of us

instinct theory

what motivates us to engage in behavior is our wish to reduce the arousal caused from drives

drive-reduction theory

drives that are unlearned, such as the drive to eat, drink, sleep, have sex, ect.

primary drive

drives that we learned or acquired over time such as wanting to graduate from college or buy a mercedes benz, ect.

secondary drives

believes that humans can be motivated not just to satisfy survival needs but also to satisfy what he called growth needs

humanistic theory

theory of 5 needs; physiological needs, safety needs, love and belongingness needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs

theory of hierarchical needs

needs basic to our existence: need to eat, drink, sleep, and have sex

physiological needs (stage 1)

need to feel protected from the environment, to have adequate clothing, and protection of crime

safety needs (stage 2)

need to be loved and to love and to feel like we belong to a community, or at least to a family

love and belongingness needs (stage 3)

needs to achieve, to feel like we are competent at something, and to earn the respect and approval from others as a result of our accomplishments

esteem needs (stage 4)

need to fulfill our unique potential

self-actualization needs (stage 5)

we are motivated to experience stimulation

stimulus motives

most of our actions and behaviors are driven to satisfy _____________ _____.

psychological needs

relatively neutral, black and white pictures containing one or more persons in the picture; it is difficult to discern exactly what is happening in the picture

ambiguos stimuli

provide insight into what the individual's psychological needs are

recurring themes

Festinger asserted that we are motivated to reduce _________ _______.

cognitive motives

the uneasy feeling that we have whenever we realize that we hold two (or more) inconsistent or contradictory thoughts. (i ignored someone but i'm a good person)

cognitive dissonance

refers to reasonably stable patterns of behaviors, including thoughts and feelings, that characterize a person's adaptation to life.

personality

father of personality

Sigmund Freud

has an enormous influence on our behavior and conscious thoughts and feelings

the unconscious mind

"forces" within the mind that are in constant antagonism among themselves

id, ego, and superego

completely unconscious; represents our basic impulses and urges because it operates on the pleasure principle (it feels good, do it)

id

operates on the reality principle. (what consequences?)

ego

our conscious and for most of us, it develops and matures slowly over the years (pressures us to do what one should or ought to do)

superego

sometimes an ego engages in _______ __________ that allows it to "save face" even with itself

defense mechanism

when we displace unacceptable feelings from a threatening object/person to a less-threatening object/person

displacement

a rare defense mechanism, but one in which the person manifests behaviors that were prevalent during a previous state of development

regression

when we "see in others" that which we are unwilling to see in ourselves

projection

when we attempt to use distorted logic to justify why we have engaged in unacceptable behavior

rationalization

the person has feelings that violate his or her belief system. So the person denies the actual feeling and overtly adopts an exaggerated attitude that is just the opposite of the feeling

reaction formation

this is when we discount the value of something or someone that we wanted badly, but were unable to attain because of our own inabilities or deficiencies

disavowal

any part of the body that is physiologically capable of registering sexual stimulation

erogenous zone

stage from birth to age 1. Objects inserted into mouth

oral stage

stage from age 1-3. Toilet training

Anal stage

child possessing characteristics such as stinginess, cleanliness, and perfectionism

anal-retentive personality

child's personality manifests characteristics such as lack of organization and planning skills or cleanliness.

anal-expulsive personality

stage from age 3-5. Discovery of genitalia, and noticed sexuality.

phallic stage

stage from age 5-puberty. little happens in development. sexuality repressed as children focus attention to mastering school demands

latency stage

stage from adolescence through adulthood. sex-role identity

adult-genital stage

when people call their significant as their other, only to quickly correct it

Freudian slip

non sinful basic component of our existence

sex

psychoanalysts who followed Freud in the sense that they appreciated his ideas, but still differed in various ways

neo-Freudians

daughter and closest professional companion to Freud

Ana Freud

thought adult conflict originated from the basic anxiety that is experienced in early childhood due to children's pervasive dependency on others

Karen Horney

created the theory that the primary determinant of personality is the drive to overcome feelings of inferiority. Gives the perpetual inferiority complex

Alfred Adler

close friend of Freud who used to take trips with him and psychoanalyze each other's dreams

Carl Jung

provided services to schizophrenics to gay men. Noticed the most powerful human motive is to avoid the anxiety that results from loneliness.

Harry Stack Sullivan

people that exaggerate self-importance and think the world revolves around them

egocentric

associated with behaviorism. first american psychologist to apply Pavlov's classical conditioning to humans

John B. Watson

believed all organisms including humans can be "controlled" if the appropriate contingencies of reinforcement are in place

B.F. Skinner

the cumulative product of our history of reinforcements and punishments

personality

humans are ___________-__________ _____________. Shaped to respond to stimuli in our environments, including how we respond to other people.

Stimulus-response machines

Roll May, Carl Rogers, and Abraham Maslow formed a new "school" of psychology called

humanism

any behavior, thoughts, or feelings that are considered deviant and violate society's standards for behavior.

psychopathology

what makes a behavior acceptable or unacceptable is not so much anything inherently good or bad about behavior, but instead whether the society deems the behavior good or bad

arbitrary

normal and abnormal behavior occur on a

single continuum

most mental disorders are a result of _________ & ___________

diathesis, stressors

a pre-disposition for a given disorder

diathesis

believing that they have some if not most of the abnormal conditions

intern's syndrome

carving a hole in a person's skull thought to release demons trapped in the body

trephining

model saying most abnormal behaviors were caused by psychological problems and rarely medical conditions

psychogenic model

model saying abnormal behaviors were the result of having had a dysfunctional history of reinforcement and punishment

behavioral model

human behavior is shaped by

reinforcement

most problems humans have are the result of having

irrational beliefs

talk about changing the way you live your life

cognitive model

talking about changing their environment

socio-cultural model

handbook used by most psychotherapists for the purpose of making clinical diagnoses of mental disorders based on clinical anecdotes

DSM-V Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition

enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to and thinking about others and to one's self.

personality traits

when personality traits are inflexible, maladaptive, and cause distress to others or one's self they constitute a

personality disorder

when individuals display a pervasive tendency to interpret the actions of others as maliciousness and unwarranted. expectation that something is plotting against them

paranoid personality disorder

manifest a profound indifference to social relationships and display a severely restricted range of emotional expressions or affect

schizoid personality disorder

serious disorder when they have little if any reservations about exploiting others regardless of the form in which their exploitation occurs. no empathy or remorse

antisocial personality disorder

one tends to be unstable in various aspects of life including but not limited to, romantic partners, career choices, world-views, and even sexual orientation. very impulsive and goes on "sprees." Tends to threaten suicide

borderline personality disorder

constant need of attention and approval. overlaps with BPD. self centered, and expresses emotions in exaggerated ways

histrionic personality disorder

self-centered, feel that they are "special" and must be treated accordingly. Sense of entitlement.

narcissistic personality disorder

the first big breakthrough in studying human sexuality was made by __________ __________

Alfred Kinsey

the study of human sexuality is now a respected subfield of psychology called _________

sexology

little interest in engaging in sexual behavior

hypoactive sexual desire disorder

repulsion in engaging in sexual behavior

sexual aversion disorder

"resemblance loving"

paraphilia

those who enjoy inflicting pain and/or humiliation on others

sadist

those who enjoy being hurt and/or humiliated as part of their sexual activity

masochist

those who derive sexual pleasure by exposing their genitals to unsuspecting victims

exhibitionist

those who derive sexual pleasure by secretly observing others either undressing, bathing, or engaging in sexual activity

voyeur

a mental disorder that is perhaps best characterized by losing touch with reality in diverse ways. having delusions or hallucinations and incoherent thought processes. NOT a split personality disorder. NOT having multiple personalities.

schizophrenia

drugs that minimize symptoms

psychotropic medication

schiz with incoherent thoughts and speech, hallucinations, and delusions

disorganized schizophrenia

schiz with catatonic states

catatonic schizophrenia

schiz with delusions of persecution outside the realm of possibility

paranoid schizophrenia

schiz that does not easily fit into one of the three mains categories

undifferentiated schizophrenia

made more humane asylums

Philip Pine

remove mental patients from prisons into mental hospitals in the U.S.

Dorothy Dix

thousands of mental health patients "freed" and autonomy

Community Mental Health Centers Act (1963)

therapy making some form of intervention with a person's body

Somatic therapy

therapy of a psychological nature

psychotherapy

got the idea that it would be interesting to experiment with shocking humans as a potential means for improving various mental illnesses

Cerletti

type of biomedical therapy to help depression. used when depression does not respond to other forms of intervention

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

surgery of the brain introduced by Moniz

psychosurgery

severing the nerves connecting the front portion of the brain to the thalamus. rarely used today

prefrontal lobotomy