UTS

Heredity

responsible for all the inheritance of traits from parents to offspring.

Environment

responsible for the growth and development of the physical, mental, and social traits.

23rd

The ___ pair of chromosomes determines the person’s gender and physical traits

Body-type Theory

• developed by William Sheldon in the 1940s

• Suggests that an individual’s personality is based on the 3 body types

Endomorphic, Mesomorphic, Ectomorphic

the 3 body types according to William Sheldon

Endomorphic body type

soft and plump and are perceived to be easy going and sociable.

Mesomorphic body type

has a strong muscular body and are perceived to be energetic, adventurous, and sociable.

Ectomorphic body type

tall and thin and is perceived to be socially awkward, introverted, and artistic.

Testes

are the most important part of male reproductive organ. It is the source of Spermatozoa (male germ cell)

Scrotum

it is a sac of skin where the two testes are enveloped; directly below and outside of the abdomen

Prostate glands

it is a gland that carries out both urine and seminal fluid.

Penis

it is where the ejaculation occurs by sending sperm cell from testis and secrete out.

Sperm

It is a male gametes, one that is necessary for the egg to develop and become a baby.

Ovary

it is a pair of small, oval organs that produces the egg cell (ovum; female germ cells). Thousands of ova will mature and will be taken up to the fallopian tube through the uterus by the time of puberty.

Fallopian Tube

are pair of thin tubes than leads from ovaries to the uterus

Uterus

(womb) it is a hollow pear-shaped elastic muscular structure where fertilized ovum (zygote) develops into a baby.

Vagina

it is a tube leading to outside of the body through an opening called the vulva.

Erogenous Zone

• these are part of the body that particularly sensitive to touch, pressure and vibration which contributes to sexual arousal.

• Identifying this “hot spots” gives different reaction and effect to a person.

• These could bring sexual satisfaction, also, improves sexual health and stimulating different spots may produce different reaction to the body.

reproductive organ (vagina, penis, scrotum & clitoris), mouth (lips), neck, breast (nipples) and ears

female and male erogenous zone

arousal, plateau, orgasm and resolution

the four phases of sexual response

excitement/arousal phase

beginning of sexual arousal. The signs of this stage varies from rising blood pressure, quick breaths, penile erection (male), and swelling of clitoris or vaginal opening becomes wet in preparation for sexual intercourse.

plateau phase

brief period of time before the orgasm. It is the body’s preparation for orgasm.

orgasm phase

• an intense, highly pleasurable experience. When this phase is reached, rhythmic muscular contractions occur in the genitals.

• In male, the contractions expel semen, a fluid containing semen, a process called ejaculation. For women and men, breathing and heart rates reach maximum.

resolution phase

the body returns to its normal state

material possession

provides several effects on the individual whether it is personal, intellectual, or emotional

• personal - mindset/mentality

• intellectual - intellectual development

• emotional - happiness

feeling of security

it is alleged that material possession provide individuals with a ___ as their money and property provide the with tangible assets.

sense of well-being

it is alleged that wealth gives a __ as they alleged that this material wealth provides them with happiness.

self-esteem and self-confidence

it is alleged that material wealth boosts their ___

more friends and relationships

it is alleged that cherished wealth provides an individual with ___ through greater interaction.

Material Self

includes our body, family, friends, beliefs/practices. reputation, achievements, hobbies/interests as well as tangible possessions like gadgets, money, and properties.

Materialism

“Success, happiness and the essence of individual existence” are gauged by “material prosperity”

Spiritual self

• inner self of self

• connected with the sacred, and supernatural.

• Associated with religion

Spirituality

it can be associated to the pursuit of a person to the meaning or purpose of ones life.

Religion

an organized system of ideas about the spiritual sphere or the supernatural along with the practices by which people do to interpret, explain and influence aspects of life

Victor Frankl

• created “Logotherapy”

• According to him, the primary motivation of man in life is to search for the meaning of our existence. He presented 3 different ways for a person to discover their meaning in life.

Logotherapy

the process of finding meaning in one’s life

Doing a deed

the first in search for meaning in life where one may find the meaning in his/her life through achievements and accomplishments. (realizing strengths, weaknesses, abilities,…)

By experiencing a “value”

the second in search for meaning in life where an example is connecting with others or loving a person. Through loving a person, one is willing and capable of truly understanding the essence of that person holds.

By experiencing suffering

the third in search for meaning in life where through suffering one will be able to appreciate the goodness in life more, with surviving ones suffering is to find meaning in suffering.

Politics

Kendall (1998) defined it as a social institution through which power is acquired and exercised by people and groups.

Aristotle

according to him “man is by nature a political animal” meaning that politics helps in the development of people since politics is present in all societies and promotes the emergence of ideologies about family, health, freedom, human rights, citizenship, government, and social issues.

Citizenship

• the identity a person acquires from his association and interactions with their nation.

• It comes from the idea that person is a member of a political society resulting to one enjoying the privileges attached to it.

Political affiliation and beliefs

offer opportunity for a person to define themselves, their beliefs, attitudes all based on their political identity.

political self

• the identification of the person including his rights, freedom, and obligations as member of society.

• sets expectation of how the government will be which is based on the collection of acceptable rules, notion of freedom, and aspirations of the people.

Digital Self

the aspect of the self that is expressed or shared with others through online interactions on the internet, specifically in social networking sites (posts, reels, tweets, and etc)

self-presentation

means that an individual attempt to control how he or she projects himself or herself in social interactions, both consciously and unconsciously.

self-presentation and impression management

may lead to consequences that can be risky to one’s security and mental health.

identity theft, cyberbullying, gossiping, anxiety, and depression

few of the negative consequences brought about by one’s desire to be “liked” by others.

identity theft, data privacy risks, fake news, and fake information

limitations on the digital technology, social media, and online interaction have changes the social behaviors of individuals, groups, and the society. While it gives us an easy way to get information and link individuals together, it also highly exposes the risks of __

metacognition

• thinking about one’s thinking.

• it refers to the processes used to plan, monitor, and assess one’s understanding and performance.

• includes a critical awareness of a) one’s thinking and learning and b) oneself as a thinker and learner. [own learning style/ method]

context switching

“In this era of social media and digital distractions, many students— and adults— do a lot of multitasking. But there is no such thing as successful multitasking, because much of the time spent is wasted on __, where the brain has to restart and refocus.” (Kang, 2019)

work accomplished

intensity of focus X time spent

Pre-test, Spaced Practice, Self Quizzing, Interleaving Method, Paraphrasing and reflecting

5 High Intensity Study Habits

Pre-test

improves post-test results

Spaced Practice

focusing on a topic for a short period on different days. Improve retention and recall more than massed practice.

creating flash cards

can be used for spaced practice and self-quizzing

Self-quizzing

a form of active retrieval practice

interleaving method

work on a set of topics/examples that are related but not all of the same kind

Paraphrasing and reflecting

relating what is being learned to prior knowledge

Thinking

An important mental process. It helps us to define and organize experiences, plan, learn, reflect, and create.

Self-efficacy

• According to Albert Bandura, it refers to an individual’s belief in his or her capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments.

• reflects confidence in the ability to exert control over one’s own motivation, behavior, and social environment.

growth mindset

Someone with a __ views intelligence, abilities, and talents as learnable and capable of improvement through effort.

fixed mindset

someone with a __ views intelligence, abilities, and talents as inherently stable and unchangeable over times.

Carol Dweck

fixed and growth mindset

Edwin Locke

this researcher found that individuals who set specific, difficult goals performed better than those who set general, easy goals.

clarity, challenge, commitment, feedback, and task complexity

Locke proposed five basic principles of goal-setting

Motivation

• the driving force behind human actions.

• the process that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-oriented behaviors.

• includes the biological, emotional, social, and cognitive forces that activate human behavior.

Activation, Persistence, Intensity

3 components of Motivation

Activation

is the decision to initiate a behavior. An example of _ would be enrolling in Tourism/ Engineering Degree.

Persistence

is the continued effort toward a goal even though obstacles may exist. An example would be showing up for your classes even though you are tired.

Intensity

is the concentration and vigor that goes into pursuing a goal. For example, one student might coast by without much effort (minimal *) while another student studies regularly, participates in classroom discussions (greater *).

All-or-nothing thinking, believing in quick fixes, thinking that one size fits all

3 causes of low motivation

all-or-nothing thinking

If you think that you must be absolutely perfect when trying to reach your goal or there is no point in trying, one small slip-up or relapse can zap your motivation to keep pushing forward.

Believing in quick fixes

it’s easy to feel unmotivated if you can’t reach your goal immediately but reaching goals often takes time.

Thinking that one size fits all

just because an approach or method worked for someone else does not mean that it will work for you. If you don’t feel motivated to pursue your goals, look for other things that will work better for you.

Relationship conflicts, unmet needs, poor coping skills

3 causes of negative emotion

relationship conflicts

conflicts can arise in relationships with family, friends, co-workers, or partners.

unmet needs

when your needs are not fulfilled, it is normal to experience sadness, anger, loneliness, envy, and other distressing emotions.

poor coping skills

stress can lead to upsetting feelings if you don’t have the coping skills to manage it.

understand your emotion, change what you can, find an outlet to deal with your emotion, accept your emotions

(4) How to Cope with Negative Emotions

Eat nutritious foods, sleep/ rest, pause to breathe (inhale and exhale), practice mindfulness (understanding of your situation), exercise, do what makes you unwind (hobbies/ interest), Focus on the things that really matter and the things that you can control

(7) Taking charge of one’s health is taking care for one’s physical health, and mental health