Psychology, Research Methodology, Finance, and Strategy Vocabulary

A complete collection of vocabulary flashcards covering psychology models, biological concepts, research methodology, statistics, finance, behavioral concepts, and tactical domain terms extracted from the lecture notes.

Psychodynamic

A perspective in psychology focusing on dynamic mental forces, unconscious processes, and underlying psychological drives.

Behaviorism

A psychological perspective focused on observable behavior and environmental conditioning.

Social Learning

A theory of learning that highlights observation, modeling, and social context in behavior acquisition.

Humanistic

A psychological approach emphasizing individual potential, self-actualization, and personal growth.

Cognitive Psychology

The psychological study of internal mental processes such as perception, memory, thinking, and problem-solving.

Biological Psychology

A branch of psychology exploring the physiological, neural, and biological bases of behavior and mental processes.

Gestalt Psychology

An approach emphasizing that whole psychological experiences and perceptions are different from the sum of their parts.

Self-efficacy

An individual's belief in their capability to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments.

Nature vs. Nurture

The debate concerning the relative contributions of genetic inheritance (nature) and environmental factors (nurture) to human development.

Free will

The capacity of agents to choose between different possible courses of action unimpeded.

Determinism

The philosophical concept that all events, including moral choices, are completely determined by previously existing causes.

Reductionism

The practice of analyzing and describing a complex phenomenon in terms of its simple or fundamental constituents.

Holism

The idea that systems and their properties should be viewed as wholes, not just as a collection of parts.

Eclecticism

A conceptual approach that draws upon multiple theories, styles, or ideas to gain complementary insights into a subject.

Working memory

A cognitive system with a limited capacity that holds and manipulates information temporarily for complex mental tasks.

Cognitive load

The amount of working memory resources used to process information during cognitive tasks.

Problem-solving

The cognitive process of finding solutions to difficult or complex issues or obstacles.

Sense-making

The process by which people give meaning to collective or individual experiences and structure the unknown.

Closure

The desire or cognitive tendency to seek a firm answer or resolution to a question or ambiguous situation.

Empathy

The capacity to understand or feel what another person is experiencing from within their frame of reference.

Boundary

Limits established to delineate acceptable behaviors, personal responsibilities, and emotional spaces.

Responsibility boundary

The defined limit separating one's own tasks, actions, and obligations from those of others.

Disengagement

The process of withdrawing or detaching emotionally, cognitively, or behaviorally from an activity or relationship.

External processing

The practice of thinking out loud or processing thoughts and emotions through verbalization and interaction.

Receptive vocabulary

The set of words that a person can comprehend and understand when listening or reading.

Conversational turn-taking

The social interaction rule where participants alternate speaking roles during a conversation.

Child-directed speech

High-pitched, simplified, and exaggerated speech patterns used by adults when talking to infants and young children.

Role identity

The specific role and identity individuals adopt and internalize within a social context or relationship.

Action potential

A rapid, temporary change in electrical potential across a neuron's membrane that transmits a signal down the axon.

Firing

The generation and propagation of an action potential by a neuron.

Threshold

The minimum level of membrane depolarization required to trigger an action potential in a neuron.

Excitatory

A type of signal or neurotransmitter effect that increases the likelihood of a neuron firing an action potential.

Inhibitory

A type of signal or neurotransmitter effect that decreases the likelihood of a neuron firing an action potential.

Neurotransmitter

A chemical messenger released by neurons to cross synapses and transmit signals to target cells.

Randomized controlled trial (RCT)

An experimental study design where participants are randomly allocated to receive either an intervention or a control.

Cohort study

An observational study that follows a group of individuals over time to evaluate outcome risks related to exposures.

Observational study

A research study where investigators observe subjects and measure outcomes without intervention or manipulating variables.

Systematic review

A high-level synthesis of evidence that uses explicit, reproducible methods to identify, evaluate, and synthesize research studies.

Meta-analysis

A statistical method combining the quantitative results of multiple independent studies to derive a pooled summary effect.

Selection bias

Systematic error introduced into research by selecting non-representative samples or non-random group assignments.

Regression to the mean

The statistical phenomenon where extreme measure outcomes tend to move closer to the average upon repeated measurement.

Blinding

A methodological practice of keeping study participants, researchers, or evaluators unaware of treatment assignments to prevent bias.

Causal inference

The process of drawing a conclusion that a specific cause leads to a deterministic or probabilistic effect.

External validity

The extent to which study results can be generalized to other settings, populations, times, and circumstances.

Confounder

An unmeasured or extraneous variable in a study that correlates with both the exposure and outcome, distorting findings.

Efficacy

The performance of an intervention under ideal and controlled trial conditions.

Bayesian probability

An interpretation of probability as a measure of belief or confidence based on prior knowledge and updated evidence.

Bayesian updating

The procedure of revising prior probability estimates into posterior probabilities as new evidence is acquired.

Prior probability

The initial estimate of an event's probability before new evidence or data is taken into account.

Evidence

Data or information used to confirm, update, or reject a hypothesis or probability belief.

Posterior probability

The revised probability of an event calculated after incorporating new data or evidence using Bayes' theorem.

Hypothesis

A proposed explanation or testable assumption made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for investigation.

Likelihood ratio

The ratio of the probability of obtaining specific test evidence under one hypothesis relative to an alternative hypothesis.

Confirmation bias

The cognitive bias to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms existing beliefs.

Differential diagnosis

A systematic method used to identify a specific disease or condition by distinguishing it from other possibilities.

Source credibility

The perceived trustworthiness, expertise, and reliability of an information source.

Information architecture

The structural organization, categorization, and labeling of information systems to facilitate usability.

Information environment

The aggregate of individuals, organizations, and systems that collect, process, disseminate, or act on information.

Discount rate

The interest rate used to determine the present value of future cash flows or outcomes.

Valuation

The analytical process of estimating the present financial worth of an asset, company, or investment.

Growth stock

A share in a company anticipated to grow at a rate significantly above the average growth for the market.

Pricing power

The capability of a business to increase prices without negatively impacting product demand or market share.

Earning power

The maximum capacity of a firm to generate revenue and profits under normal operating conditions.

Expectation risk

The risk that actual outcomes will deviate from market, investor, or cognitive expectations.

Priced-in expectations

Financial market conditions where expected future events are already incorporated into current asset prices.

Trauma bonding

An emotional attachment that develops between a victim and abuser through cyclical patterns of abuse and reinforcement.

Intermittent reinforcement

A conditioning schedule where rewards are delivered unpredictably, creating highly resistant behavior patterns.

Cognitive dissonance

The psychological discomfort felt by a person holding contradictory beliefs, ideas, or values simultaneously.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

A psychotherapeutic approach aimed at modifying unhelpful cognitive distortions and dysfunctional behaviors.

Behavioral intervention

An action, technique, or strategy implemented to modify specific human behaviors or psychological habits.

Impulse control

The cognitive ability to inhibit or resist sudden urges, desires, or impulsive actions.

Emotion regulation

The cognitive and behavioral strategies used to monitor, evaluate, and modify emotional reactions.

De-escalation

Techniques used to prevent the escalation of conflict or reduce emotional intensity in high-stress situations.

Fastball

A high-velocity pitch thrown straight toward the target in baseball.

Changeup

An off-speed pitch thrown with fastball arm action intended to disrupt a hitter's timing.

Curveball

A pitch featuring a downward and breaking motion created by top-spin.

Slider

A breaking pitch thrown faster than a curveball with lateral and downward breaking motion.

Splitter

A fastball variation thrown with split fingers causing the ball to drop sharply near the plate.

Sinker

A pitch designed with downward movement and late sink to induce ground balls.

Small ball

A baseball strategy focusing on advancing individual runners through bunts, steals, and contact hitting.

Hit and run

An offensive play in baseball where the runner steals on the pitch and the batter attempts to make contact.

Heat map

A graphical visual representation of data using colors to indicate values or locations of high activity.

Sabermetrics

The empirical, statistical analysis of baseball data and player performance metrics.

Baseball IQ

A player's tactical knowledge, instinctual awareness, and understanding of baseball strategy.

Pitching depth

The quality and quantity of reliable starting and relief pitchers available on a baseball roster.

Engagement

The level of active involvement, connection, interest, or participation in an activity or interaction.

Friction

Any obstacle, hesitation, or resistance in a system or behavior that slows down or prevents an action.

Co-use

The joint or shared engagement of an activity, media, or resource by two or more individuals.

Body image

A person's subjective thoughts, perceptions, and attitudes toward their physical appearance.

Emotional eating

The practice of consuming food in response to emotional feelings rather than physical hunger cues.

Resilience

The psychological capacity to adapt positively and recover effectively from adversity or stress.