Plant Cell Biology and Taxonomy - Flashcards

Flashcards covering plant cell structure, organelles, plant reproduction topics, basic plant biology, and taxonomy concepts from the notes.

the four animal kingdoms

Fungi, Plantae, Animalia, and Protists.

the three domains of life and which domain are eukaryotes classified under?

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya; Eukarya includes all eukaryotes.

difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Prokaryotes are unicellular and lack membrane-bound organelles; eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles and can be unicellular or multicellular.

Where is DNA located in prokaryotes?

In the nucleoid region, not in a nucleus.

What are plasmodesmata?

Pores in plant cell walls that allow transport of macromolecules between adjacent cells.

What connects plant cells within the cell wall?

The middle lamella.

What is a protoplast?

A plant cell with the cell wall degraded, leaving the cell membrane and cytoplasm.

What is the composition of the cell membrane?

A phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cytoplasm.

What organelle contains the nucleus and nucleolus?

The nucleus.

Which organelles are sites for electron transport chains in cells?

Mitochondria (and chloroplasts in plants during photosynthesis).

What are plastids and which one is most significant for photosynthesis?

Plastids are plant double-membrane organelles. Plastids are responsible for manufacturing and storing of food. These often contain pigments that are used in photosynthesis and different types of pigments that can change the colour of the cell. chloroplasts are the type of plastids responsible for photosynthesis.

What organelle is central to cellular respiration?

mitochondria

What is another name for the Golgi apparatus?

Dictyosome.

What are vesicles used for?

Transport, secretion, and digestion of molecules and protein.

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum associated with?

Ribosomes; site of protein synthesis.

What plant-specific organelle stores water and maintains turgor?

The large central vacuole.

What is the tonoplast?

The membrane surrounding the vacuole that helps move water.

Why do scientists study plants?

Because they are autotrophs that make their own food and oxygen; they provide most human food and many other products.

What percentage of calories come from six crops?

About 80%.

What is binomial nomenclature?

A naming system using Genus + Species to name organisms.

Who developed binomial nomenclature?

Carl Linnaeus.

In a binomial name, what does 'L.' denote?

The authority who described the species; 'L.' stands for Linnaeus.

What does the suffix 'aceae' signify in plant taxonomy?

It denotes a family; family names are formed as genus + 'aceae'.

What is a cultivar (cv)?

A cultivated variety created by plant breeders; artificial.

What is a variety?

A naturally occurring form within a species.

What is a subspecies?

Capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring, but geographically separated in nature.

What is an intergeneric hybrid?

A cross between two different genera.

Give an example of an intergeneric hybrid mentioned.

Heucherella (a cross between Heuchera and Tiarella; also called Foamy bells).

What are the three main differences between animal and plant cells?

difference in organelles such as the presence of chloroplasts in plant cells, the cell wall in plants, and larger central vacuoles in plant cells. Animal cells each have a centrosome and lysosomes

What theory explains the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Endosymbiotic theory.