Part 2.1 - Autonomic Drugs - Anatomy and Physiology of the ANS

Autonomic nervous system:

a. Subdivision of peripheral afferent nervous system

b. Control involuntary activity

c. Composed of neurons outside of the CNS

d. a and b

e. b and c

f. All

e. b and c

Autonomic nervous system:

a) Subdivision of peripheral EFFERENT nervous system

b) Control involuntary activity

c) Composed of neurons outside of the CNS

Types of neurons in the peripheral nervous system:

a. Afferent or sensory neurons carry stimulus from sensory organs to brain.

b. Efferent or motor neurons carry response from brain to effector organ.

c. Both true

d. Both false

c. Both true

Afferent Neurons: Sensory- enter the CNS

Efferent Neurons: Motor- leave the CNS

Autonomic nervous system

I. 2-neuron system

II. Composed of pre-ganglion (1st neuron), and post- ganglion (2nd neuron)

III. Contains ganglion which is exclusive to ANS

IV.Carries impulses towards the organs that are independent or involuntarily moving such cardiac muscles, smooth muscles and exocrine glands

a. I, III

b. II, IV

c. I, II, III, IV

d. II, III, IV

e. I, II, III

c. I, II, III, IV

Autonomic nervous system

I) 2-neuron system - CNS & Effector

II) Composed of pre-ganglion (1st neuron), and post- ganglion (2nd neuron)

III) Contains ganglion which is exclusive to ANS

IV) Carries impulses towards the organs that are independent or involuntarily moving such cardiac muscles, smooth muscles and exocrine glands

Ganglion of ANS near the brain.

a. Pre-ganglion

b. Post-ganglion

a. Pre-ganglion

Ganglion of ANS near the effector organ.

a. Pre-ganglion

b. Post-ganglion

b. Post-ganglion

Ganglion is exclusive to CNS.

a. True

b. False

b. False - Ganglion is exclusive to ANS

Site where ANS can be found:

a. Smooth muscles

b. Cardiac muscles

c. Exocrine glands

d. a and b

e. b and c

f. All

f. All

Spaces between two neurons.

a. Synapse

b. Cleft

c. Mid-neuron

d. All

a. Synapse (between 2 neurons; between a neuron and an effector)

Pre synapse:

I. Sending cell

II. Site for the synthesis, storage and release of neurotransmitter

III. Do not contain enzyme

IV. Contain autoreceptors which are inhibitory receptors

a. I, III

b. II, IV

c. I, II, III, IV

d. II, III, IV

e. I, II, III

f. I, II, IV

f. I, II, IV

III) CONTAIN enzyme for metabolism of neurotransmitters.

Occur in pre-synapse except:

a. Synthesis of NT

b. Storage of NT

c. Release of NT

d. Metabolism of NT

e. None

f. All

e. None

Pre-synapse:

a. Storage of enzyme in pre-synapse is through vesicle.

b. Release of enzyme from pre-synapse is through exocytosis.

c. Both true

d. Both false

c. Both true

Synaptic cleft contains enzyme for metabolism of neurotransmitters.

a. True

b. False

a. True

Post synapse:

a. Receiving cell

b. Contains enzyme for metabolism of NT

c. Majority of enzyme are for inhibitor response

d. a and b

e. b and c

f. All

d. a and b

Post synapse:

a) Receiving cell

b) Contains enzyme for metabolism of NT

c) Majority of enzyme are for STIMULATORY response

Synaptic transmission describe the mechanism of impulse across the synapse.

a. True

b. False

a. True

___carries information from the pre-synaptic-sending-neuron to the post-synaptic-receiving-cell

a. Hormones
b. Neurotransmitters
c. Enzymes
d. Platelets

b. Neurotransmitters

Synapses are usually formed between nerve terminals and the ________ of the receiving neuron.

a. Cell body or dendrites
b. Cell wall
c. Nucleus
d. Ribosomes

a. Cell body or dendrites

A single axon can have multiple ________.

a. Membranes
b. Branches
c. Nuclei
d. Vesicles

b. Branches

A single axon can have multiple branches, allowing it to make synapses on various postsynaptic cells.

A single neuron can receive thousands of synaptic inputs from many different ________.

a. Axon terminals
b. Postsynaptic cells
c. Presynaptic-sending-neurons
d. Cell membranes

c. Presynaptic-sending-neurons

Inside the axon terminal are many ________.

a. Mitochondria
b. Synaptic vesicles
c. Ribosomes
d. Lysosomes

b. Synaptic vesicles

Synaptic vesicles are filled with ________ molecules.

a. Protein
b. Lipid
c. Neurotransmitter
d. Glucose

c. Neurotransmitter

The small gap between neurons is called the ________.

a. Axon terminal
b. Synaptic cleft
c. Dendrite
d. Cell body

b. Synaptic cleft

Synaptic transmission process:

1- Neurotransmitter is released via exocytosis

2- Vesicles move to membrane and dock

3- Ca2+ signals to neurotransmitter vesicle

4- Action potential arrives at axon terminal.

5- Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open.

6- Ca2+ enters the presynaptic neuron.

7- Neurotransmitter bind to receptors.

8- Signal is initiated in postsynaptic cell.

a. 45631278

b. 45631287

c. 45632178

d. 45632187

c. 45632178

When an action potential, or nerve impulse, arrives at the axon terminal, it activates voltage-gated __________ channels in the cell membrane.

a. sodium
b. potassium
c. calcium
d. chloride

c. calcium

The Ca2+ allows synaptic vesicles to fuse with the axon terminal membrane, releasing __________ into the synaptic cleft.

a. oxygen
b. neurotransmitter
c. glucose
d. protein

b. neurotransmitter

Activation of postsynaptic receptors leads to the opening or closing of __________ channels in the cell membrane.

a. water
b. lipid
c. ion
d. protein

c. ion

Activation of postsynaptic receptors leads to the opening or closing of ion channels in the cell membrane. This may be depolarizing make the inside of the cell more positive or hyperpolarizing make the inside of the cell more negative depending on the ions involved.

Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System:

I. Thoracolumbar Nervous System

II. Thoraco: T1-T12 and Lumbar:L1-L5

III. Longer pre-ganglion, shorter post-ganglion

IV. Ganglion is near the CNS

V. Contains ACh betwen pre- and post-ganglion.

VI. Contains ACh betwen post-ganglion and effector organ

a. I, III

b. II, IV

c. I, II, IV, V

d. II, III, IV, VI

e. I, II, III, IV, V, VI

f. I, II, IV

c. I, II, IV, V

Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System:

I) Thoracolumbar Nervous System

II) Thoraco: T1-T12 and Lumbar:L1-L5

III) SHORTER pre-ganglion, LONGER post-ganglion

IV) Ganglion is near the CNS

V) Contains ACh betwen pre- and post-ganglion.

VI) Contains NE betwen post-ganglion and effector organ

Craniosacral nervous system

CN: 3,7,9,10 and Sacral: S2-S4

a. Sympathetic nervous system

b. Parasympathetic nervous system

b. Parasympathetic nervous system

Longer pre-ganglion, shorter post-ganglion

a. Sympathetic nervous system

b. Parasympathetic nervous system

b. Parasympathetic nervous system

Ganglion is near the effector organ.

a. Sympathetic nervous system

b. Parasympathetic nervous system

b. Parasympathetic nervous system

Contains ACh betwen pre- and post-ganglion and also betwen post-ganglion and effector organ.

a. Sympathetic nervous system

b. Parasympathetic nervous system

b. Parasympathetic nervous system

Receptor at the ganglion of sympathetic neurons.

a. Nicotinic Neural (NN)

b. a1

c. b1, b2

d. Muscarinic

e. b and c

f. a and c

a. Nicotinic Neural (NN)

Same lang Nicotinic ang Sympathetic NS at Parasympathetic NS

Receptor at the ganglion of parasympathetic neurons.

a. Nicotinic Neural (NN)

b. a

c. b1, b2

d. Muscarinic

e. b and c

f. a and d

a. Nicotinic Neural (NN)

Receptor at the effector of sympathetic neurons.

a. Nicotinic Neural

b. a

c. b1, b2

d. Dopa

e. Muscarinic

f. b, c and d

g. a and d

f. b, c and d

Receptor at the effector of parasympathetic neurons.

a. Nicotinic Neural

b. a

c. b1, b2

d. Muscarinic

e. b and c

f. a and d

f. a and d

Sympathetic NS

a. Adrenergic NS

b. Dominates during stress

c. Fight and flight

d. a and b

e. b and c

f. All

f. All

Parasympathetic NS

a. Cholinergic NS

b. Dominates basal

c. Rest and digest

d. a and b

e. b and c

f. All

f. All

Effects of activated sympathetic NS

I. Heart: Tachycardia

II. Eyes: Miosis

III. Bronchi: Reduced tone, Dilation

IV. GIT: Ileus (loss of peristalsis)

V. Urinary bladder: Urinary retention

VI. Sweat glands: Apocrine, sweating of palms and soles

a. I, III

b. II, IV

c. I, II, IV, V

d. II, III, IV, VI

e. I, II, III, IV, V, VI

f. I, III, IV, V, VI

f. I, III, IV, V, VI

Effects of activated sympathetic NS

I) Heart: Tachycardia

II) Eyes: MYDRIASIS

III) Bronchi: Reduced tone, Dilation

IV) GIT: Ileus (loss of peristalsis)

V) Urinary bladder: Urinary retention

VI) Sweat glands: Apocrine, sweating of palms and soles

Effects of activated parasympathetic NS:

I. Heart: Bradycardia

II. Eyes: Miosis

III. Bronchi: Increased tone, constriction

IV. GIT: Bowel movement, diarrhea

V. Urinary bladder: Urination, micturition, enuresis

VI. Sweat glands: Eccrine, generalized sweating for thermoregulation

a. I, III

b. II, IV

c. I, II, IV, V

d. II, III, IV, VI

e. I, II, III, IV, V, VI

f. I, III, IV, V, VI

e. I, II, III, IV, V, VI

Effects of activated parasympathetic NS:

I) Heart: Bradycardia

II) Eyes: Miosis

III) Bronchi: Increased tone, constriction

IV) GIT: Bowel movement, diarrhea

V) Urinary bladder: Urination, micturition, enuresis

VI) Sweat glands: Eccrine, generalized sweating for thermoregulation