CC1 CARBOHYDRATES PART 1

What is the simplest carbohydrate?

Glycol aldehyde

What is the carbohydrate to be directly used for energy or stored as glycogen?

Glucose

What are the sugars that is commonly found in human diets?

Fructose

Maltose

Galactose

What is the primary source of energy?

Carbohydrates

If carbohydrates is the primary source of energy, what is the secondary?

Lipids

What are the reducing substances/sugars?

Glucose

Maltose

Fructose

Lactose

Galactose

True or False

Presence of double bond and a positive charge in the enol anoin makes glucose an active reducing substance

False, it is negatively charge

What is the most common non-reducing sugar?

Sucrose

True or False

Non-reducing sugars contains an active ketone or aldehyde group

False, it does not contain active ketone

How much glucose utilization is used in resting adults that occurs in the CNS?

2/3

What is the emperical formula of carbohydrates?

C_x(H₂O)_y

Hypoglycemia can lead to what complications?

Diabetic comatose

What do you call a carbohydrate made up of two monosaccharide units?

Disaccharide

What is the name of a carbohydrate with six carbon atoms?

Name - Hexose

Example: Galactose and Fructose

What is the name of a carbohydrate with 9 carbon atoms?

Name - Nonose

Example: Neuramidic acid

What is the name of a carbohydrate with four carbon atoms?

Name - Tetrose

Example: Erythrose

Two monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkage

Disaccharides

This disaccharide is made up of glucose and fructose

Sucrose

This disaccharide is made up of two glucose

Maltose

What disaccharide is made up of glucose and galactose?

Lactose

This is a polysaccharide that is homopolysaccharide

A. Glycogen

B. Glycosaminoglycan

C. Cellulose

D. Starch

A. Glycogen

This organ is where the blood glucose level is stored and regulated

Liver

This process release absorbed glucose for the cells immediate energy needs

Glycolysis

What process is the conversion of non-carbohydrate substances to glucose?

Gluconeogenesis

This process converts excess glucose into glycogen for storage

Glycogenesis

What process is it called if the stored glycogen is converted to glucose?

Glycogenolysis

This refers to the normal state of the body

Homeostasis

This organ functions as endocrine and exocrine organ in the control of carbohydrates metabolism

Pancreas

Secretion is directed to the blood vessels

Endocrine

Secretion travels through the ducts

Exocrine

Hormone that is released when the glucose levels are elevated

Insulin

Primary hypoglycemic agent

Insulin

Primary hyperglycemic agent?

Glucagon

True or False, If glucagon decreases, insulin is elevated

False, glucagon is a hyperglycemic so if it’s decreased insulin is not elevated

Where is insulin synthesized?

Beta-cells of Langerhans in pancreas

Where is glucagon synthesized?

Alpha-cells of the Langerhans in the pancreas

Secreted by the zona fasciculata and zona reticulata of the adrenal cortex

Glucocorticoids

What does cortisol promotes?

Gluconeogenesis

Lipolysis

Released from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla

Catecholamines

What is the catecholamines function on increasing glucose?

Inhibits insulin secretion 

Promotes Glycogenolysis and lipolysis

Promotes the release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex

Samototropin

What does the growth hormone promote?

Glycogenolysis

Gluconeogenesis

What does the thyroid hormone responsibility in increasing glucose concentration?

Glycogenolysis

Gluconeogenesis

Intestinal absorption of glucose

This hormone inhibits the action of insulin and glucagon

Somastostatin

Where is somastostatin synthesized?

Delta cells of the Langerhans in the pancreas

What is the FBS range of a person with hyperglycemia?

>126 mg/dL

What are the lab findings of a person with hyperglycemia?

Decrease blood and urine pH

Increase urine SG

Electrolyte imbalance

Ketones in serum and urine

Increase glucose in plasma and urine

What is the normal range of blood glucose renal threshold?

160 to 180 mg/dL

What is the diagnostic hypoglycemia value?

<50 mg/dL

Diagnosis of hypoglycemia should be made if a patient meets the criteria of _________

Whipple’s triad

Hypoglycemia symptoms are tremors, palpitations, anxiety, and diaphoresis. Is it neurogenic or neuroglycopenic?

Neurogenic