EARTH SCIENCE 11 SY 2022-23 1QRT

Earth

Large complex planet made up of subsystems that interact

Earth

has unique structure consisting of different layers and interacting subsystem

Earth

was once a lava world

Closed system

type of system Earth has

Earth

found in the goldilocks zone

Earth

one of the inner planets in the solar system said to be 4.56 billion years old

Earth

only planet in the solar system to harbor life

3 giga years

age of a star that can give life an ample time to evolve

Age of Star

determined using initial mass

Stable planetary habitable zone

shell shape region of space surrounding a star where the temperature is just right so that it could maintain liquid water on its surface

Goldilocks zone

another term for Stable Planetary Habitable Zone

High metallicity

refer to the presence of heavier elements which the star contain

False

(True or False) the definition of habitable zone cannot be modified

Low Stellar Variation

refers to the fluctuation in a star's luminosity

Low Stellar Variation

Affects the amount of energy radiated toward the bodies in orbit

True

(True or False) Changes in energy output have an impact on organisms

Age of star
Stable planetary habitable zone
High metallicity
Low stellar variation

Characteristics of Stars

Distance from a Star
Orbital Eccentricity
Rotation
Geochemistry
Axial Tilt
Terrestrial

Contributors to a Planetary Habitability Index

Distance from a star

affects the temperature on the surface of a planet

Orbital Eccentricity

ratio describing the shape elliptical orbit affecting the temperature fluctuation

Rotation

a planet rotating on its axis; is equivalent to 1 day/24 hours

Rotation

affects the wind velocity

Geochemistry

the elements on a planet that are vital to life

Axial Tilt

affects the surface temperature and seasons

Axial tilt

the angle between the planet's rotational axis and the orbital axis

Planet's mass

must be large enough to retain atmosphere and have a molten core

molten core

serves as a heat engine driving the geological processes

Right Distance to the Sun
The Presence of an Atmosphere
Right Amount of Gravity
Presence of Magnetosphere
Presence of Molecular Oxygen
Presence of Liquid Water that is in the form necessary for life
Generation of Internal Heat

Factors that make Earth the only living planet in the Solar System

Temperature
Water
Right Atmospheric Conditions
Energy
Right distance from the sun
Strong magnetic field
Nutrients
Greenhouse Gases
Plate Tectonics/Lithospheric Plates

Factors that make our Planet Habitable

Temperature

influences how quickly atoms move

Water

dissolves and transports materials in and out of the cell

Earth's atmophere

has the capability to trap heat and house the important atmospheric gases causing the earth to warm

about 100 miles

thickness of Earth's atmosphere

Ozone Layer

Shields the surface from harmful radiations

Energy

vital for light or chemical energy used by living things for essential life processes

magnetic field

shields us from the electromagnetic radiation from the Sun

Strong magnetic field

deflects the radiation that may destroy the ozone layer

nutrients

materials that build and maintain an organism's body

Biogeochemical cycles and geological processes

these contribute to the flow and replenishment of nutrients within the Earth's system

Greenhouse gases

gases present in the atmosphere that trap heat and prevents the Earth form freezing

Plate Tectonics

Protect Earth from the hot temperature of the core

Lithospheric Plates

another term for plate tectonics

Earth's core

Causes the convection currents in the mantle causing the overlaying lithosphere to move

System

any group of interacting parts of portion of the universe

Open System

type of system that permits exchange of both energy and matter within its environment

Closed System

type of system that permits the exchange of energy but not of matter with its surrounding

Solar Radiation

form of energy from the sun entering the Earth

Infrared radiation

form of energy from the earth released to space

Atmosphere
Hydrosphere
Geosphere
Biosphere

Subsystems of the Earth

Atmosphere

a set of layers of gases that blankets the planet

Planet's gravity

holds the atmosphere

Nitrogen and Oxygen

predominant gases in the atmosphere

Atmosphere

surrounds the Earth and serves as a barrier from space debris, cosmic rays, and solar winds

Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
Exosphere

Different layers of the atmosphere

Troposphere

lowest layer of the atmospher

Troposphere

layer of the atmosphere where clouds and sky can be seen

Stratosphere

second lowest layer of the atmosphere

Stratosphere

where climate and change in weather occur and airplanes fly

Mesosphere

3rd highest layer in the atmosphere

Mesosphere

where meteors pass by and burn up after interacting with different gases in this layer

Exosphere

outermost layer of the atmosphere

Exosphere

boundary of the Earth to outer space

Thermosphere

4th highest layer in the atmosphere

Hydrosphere

encompasses the entirety of the Earth's water

Salinity

refers to the proportion of dissolved salts to pure water that is expressed in parts per thousand

Chemical weathering of rocks on land
Earth's interior

Major sources of Dissolved Salt in Oceans

Volcanic eruption

this is largely responsible for the formation of the present ocean

Volcanic outgassing

this is when large quantities of water and gases are emitted to the Earth's surface during volcanic eruption

Geosphere

solid part of the earth

Geosphere

largest system among all four spheres

Geosphere

where geological processes take place

Geosphere

it is divided into a number of huge plates that move in relation to one another

Major Plates
Smaller Plates

division of the geosphere

Pangea

a huge landmass that existed at the beginning of the Earth

Alfred Wegener

proposed the existence of Pangea

Lithosphere

A part of geosphere that is composed of solid, outermost part of the planet

Asthenosphere

lowest soft layer where major and smaller plates rest upon

Biosphere

encompasses all living things

Biosphere

it is the totality of all the ecosystems in the whole planet

Biosphere

includes any organic matter not yet decomposing

Anthrosphere

the human subsystem included in the biosphere

Ecosystem

it is the interaction between the biotic community and abiotic environment in a defined region

Ecosystem

it is a large ecosystem classified according to predominant vegetation

Aquatic
Forest
Grassland
Desert
Tundra

5 major biomes

Light is transmitted back into space
Light is transmitted through an object
Light energy is absorbed and captured n photosynthesis

what happens to light when it reaches earth

Sun
Primordial heat
Gravitational interactions among the Earth, the moon, and the sun

Contributors to earth's heat

Sun

Earth's major source of energy

Equator

region near this receive more heat from the sun

Primordial Heat

heat coming from within the earth

Primordial Heat

this drives the interactions among the earth's subsystems along with the sun

Radioactive decya of isotopes
Remnant heat from the Earth's formatiob

Sources of promordial heat

Water Cycle

continuous movement of water on Earth through the interaction of its subsystems

Water cycle

Life-forms also participate in this cycle through transpiration in plants or simply, the evaporation of water from plant leaves

Hydrologic cycle

another term for water cycle

Biogeochemical Processes

this involves biological geochemical and chemical factors

Biogeochemical Processes

Pathways by which chemical substances move through both biotic and abiotic components of Earth

Biogeochemical Processes

Allows the circulation of important chemical nutrients that form and support life through biological and physical world

Biogeochemical processes

Maintains the balance of substances in the different subsystems of the Earth

Biogeochemical Processes

drive and links the four subsystems

Minerals

the building blocks of rocks