Final

(Unit 5 through 8)

Ecology

Study of living things and their environments

Population

all the members if one species that live in a defined area

community

all the different species that live togther in an area

ecosystem

all the living and non-living components of an area

Biotic factors

are the living components of an ecosystem (predator/prey interaction)

Biotic factors ex.

plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, protists, archaea

Abiotic Factors

Are the nonliving parts of an ecosystem

Abiotic factors ex.

air, saliity, soil, temprature, light, water, minerals, pH, humidity

Biotic and Abiotic factors are considered

limiting factors that determine which types of organisms can live there

Producers or autotrophs

these organisms make their. own organic compounds (food)

consumers or heterotrophs

these organisms must get there iwn organic compounds (food) from another source

Herbivores

eat primarily plant matter

Carnivores

eat primarlily meat

Detritivores

feed on decaying material (wastes)

Decomposers

feed on dead organisms

Energy flow in one direction

sun through producers and then to consumers

one organisms energy to another

when organism a consumes organism b, the energy passes form B to A

How much energy is lost in energy flow of an ecosystem

90% is lost form B to A

Arrows on food web shows

direction of energy flow

population growth

higher birth rate then death rate

two types of growth

exponential and logistic

Exponential Growth

growth of a population at a constant rate over time the curve is in the shape of a “J”

Logistic Growth

population that is not growing and has reached carrying capacity the curve is in the shape of a “S”

Carrying Capacity

the maximum amount of individuals in a population that the environment can hold

density dependent limiting factors

factors that affect population size

density dependent limiting factors ex.

food availability or nutrients shelter form predators disease parasites space

density independent limiting factors

population size not affected by crowded organisms

density independent limiting factors ex.

extreme weather natural disasters humans altering the environment (ex.deforestation)

predator/prey relationships

the predator peaks shortly after the prey (there is a lag time between reproduction time for the predator generations)

an organism role is

its niche

if two species are trying to use the same niche what will occur

competition and only one species will successfully survive there

Introduced Species

a species that is brought to a new location in the world it is not native to

What can a introduced species become

can become an invasive species of it is able to outcompete native species for resources and has no natural predators. This can disrupt natural ecosystmes and cause economic harm.

Symbosis is

a relationship where two organisms live claose to one another

What are the three major types of symbiotic relationships

Mutualism commensalism parasitism

mutualism

both organisms benefit

commensalism

one organism benefits the other is neither benefits nor it harmed

Parasitism

a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other organism is harmed

ecological succession

a series if predictable changes in abiotic and biotic parts of a community of organisms over time

Succession starts with

pioneer organisms and over many years results in a climax forest community that is very stable

primary succession

would occur on rock after a volcanic eruption. This begins with pioneer organisms such as mosses growing on the rocks

secondary succession

would occur after a man-made disturbance such as a fire or deforestation

Evolution

process which species adapt over time to there environment

Natural Selection

the vehicle by which evolution occurs naturally for example peppered moths

Artificial Selection

evolution that has occured to species because teh favorable traits are chosen and bred for by humans for example GMOs and domesticated pets (chihuahuas)

Adaptions

when traits of a species change to potentially make them more fit to survive

Overproduction of offspring leads to

competition for resources

heritable variations

exist within a population

Variations can lead to

different reproductive success

over generations it can result in

the changes of genetic composition of the population

what evolves and what doesn’t

Individuals donot evollve populations evolve

Homology

study of homologous structures ( Manatees with finger bones)

Biogeography

certain species where ancestors were before

Direct Observations

insects populations became resistant to pesticide (DDT) Antibiotic ressitant bacteria (mRSA) Peppered moths ( pollution in city vs. country)

fossil record

remains or traces of organisms from the past

fossil record are found where

found in sedimentary rock

Paleontology

study of fossils

what do fossils show

evolutionary changes that occur over time and orgin of major new groups of organisms

Homology meaning

chacteristics in related species can have underlying similarity even though functions may differ

Homology key points

similar anantomy between homologous structures from common ancestors (forelimbs of humans/cat/whale/bat) Molecular homologies similar DNA and Amino acid sequences

Embroyonic homologies

(vertebrate embroyos with @ pharyngeal pouches)

Vestigial Organs meaning and example

Organs that dont do anything Flight less bird wings (Emu)

Biogeography

species in nearby geographic areas resemble each other Pangaea

Prokaryotes

oldest fossils

eukaryotes

fish-amphibians-reptiles-birds-mammals

endemic species

found at a certain geographic location and nowhere else (marine iguanas in the galapagos)

analogous structures

similar structures, function in similar environments (torpedo shape of shark, penguin, and dolphin)

Nucleotide

a small molecules (a lego)

3 pieces of Nucleotides

Phosphate, Sugar, Base

Nucleotides have which elements

Nitrogen Hydrogen Oxygen Phosphate Carbon

Nitrogenous Bases that makeup DNA

Adenine Guanine Thymine Cytosine

Nitrogenous Bases that make up RNA

Adenine Guanine Cytosine Uracil

Buddies of DNA bases

Adenine and Thymine Cytosine and Guanine

Buddies of RNA bases

Adenine and Uracil Cytosine and Guanine

2 different starnds of DNA run in which direction

opposite directions

What are the strands held together by for DNA

By hydrogen bonds

Why are the types of bonds useful for DNA?

Because they can be easily created and broken. This is essential because 2 DNA strands need to seprate to create new DNA.

where do the 2 original strands of DNA end up?

end up on the outside of the new strands of DNA

process of DNA copying is called

semi conservative repliation one strand is conserved in each new molecule, there is one original strand.

genome

all of the information to build you each cell has 2 copies of the genome

where is genome stored

the genome is stored in the nucleus of the cell as chromosomes

What do chromosomes contain

many genes

every 3 groups of nucleotides is called

Codon

chromosome

500 genes

gene

has 3000 codons

Why is DNA important

it contains the instructions for making all of our proteins

How to make a protein

the instructions is DNA are copied into RNA which is uses to build the protein

Steps to make a protein inside the cell

1.gene is copied into a temporary message process called transcription 2.temporary message called messenger (mRNA) can leave nucleus and attract to a ribosome 3. the ribosome uses tRNA to read the message and make a protein

Two different types of RNA nescessary for the processes

mRNA tRNA

Which type of RNA can leave the nucleus while the DNA cannot

mRNA

where does mRNA deliver copies of the DNA code to

Ribosomes in the cytoplasm to make proteins

TRANSLATION

mRNA code being translated into an amino scid sequence

Mutations

changes mafe to the DNA that can alter the information that the DNA

What do mutatations result in?

Wrong proteins to be made at the end of translation

What is no change in amino acid sequence is not seen called?

SILENT Mutation

Missense Mutation

When altering of DNA’s information changes the amino acid sequence

Nonsense Mutation

Altering of the DNA’s information causes a premature STOP codon

Insertation

adding a base

deletion

taking a base out

Frameshift Mutation

Insertation, Deletion