Studied by 11 peoplehow long can you expect an infant to keep maternal antibodies?
around 4 to 5 months
how can in infant acquire passive immunity?
antibodies cross the placenta and the breastmilk
how can infants develop active immunity?
immunization and natural disease
what does a live-attenuated vaccine contain?
a weakened form of the organism
what does an inactivated vaccine contain?
a killed version of the organism
what does a subunit/recombinant/polysaccharide/conjugate vaccine contain?
a piece of the organism
what does a toxoid vaccine contain?
a toxin made by the organism
why would a physician recommend a six month infant get a flu vaccine?
respiratory issues (asthma)
what vaccine is given at birth?
Hepatitis B
what vaccine(s) would you expect a 2 month old to be receiving?
possibly the second dose of hepatitis B
what vaccines would you expect to be given to a 2 month old?
possibly second dose of Hepatitis B, Rotavirus, DTaP, Haemophillus Influenzae B, Pneumococcal conjugate, Pollovirus
what vaccines would you expect to be given at a 4 month visit?
Rotavirus, DTaP, Infuenzae B, Pneumococcal conjugate, inactivated pollovirus
what vaccines would you expected to be given at a 6 month visit?
possibly hepatitis B, Rotavirus, DTaP, Influenzae B, Pneumococcal conjugate, possibly inactivated Pollovirus, possibly Flu
What vaccines would you expect to be given at a 9 month visit?
possibly Hepatitis B, possibly pollovirus, possibly Flu
What vaccines would you expect at a 12 month visit?
possibly (all of these) Hepatitis B, influenzae B, pneumococcal conjugate, pollovirus, MMR, varicella, Hepatitis A, and flu
what is the expected shots to be given at 15 months?
possibly hepatitis B, DTaP, influenzae type B, pneumococcal conjugate, pollovirus, MMR, Varicella, Hepatitis A
what are the expected vaccines at 18 months?
hepatitis B, DTaP, pollovirus, hepatitis A
what vaccines would you expect to be given between 4-6 years?
DTaP, pollovirus, MMR, Varicella
what vaccines would you expect to be given at 11-12 years old?
TDAP, HPV, Meningococcal
what vaccines would you expect at 16 years old?
Meningococcal
when can you give each dose of the Hepatitis B vaccine?
1st - Birth
2nd - 1-2 months
3rd - 6-18 months
when would you expect each dose of the Rotovirus vaccine to be given?
1st - 2 months
2nd - 4 months
3rd - 6 months
When are the doses of DTaP given?
1st - 2 months
2nd - 4 months
3rd - 6 months
4th - 15-18 months
5th - 4-6 years
when are the doses of Influenzae B given?
1st - 2 months
2nd - 4 months
3rd - 6 months
4th - 12-15 months
when is each dose of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine given?
1st - 2 months
2nd - 4 months
3rd - 6 months
4th - 12-15 months
when is each dose of the pollovirus vaccine given?
1st - 2 months
2nd - 4 months
3rd - 6-18 months
4th - 4-6 years
when is each dose of the MMR vaccine give?
1st - 12-15 months
2nd - 4-6 years
when is each dose of the varicella vaccine given?
1st: 12-15 months
2nd: 4-6 years
when is each dose of the hepatitis A vaccine given?
both doses are given between 12 and 23 months
when is the TDaP vaccine given?
11-12 years
when his the HPV vaccine given?
11-12 years
when is the meningococcal vaccine given?
1st - 11-12 years
2nd - 16 years
what vaccines are optional?
HPV
what is contradicted in the administration of a live vaccine?
pregnancy or chemotherapy
a mother brings her 2 month old infant to the ER complaining of a mild fever, some redness on the child’s buttocks, and irritability. the child received their regular vaccines earlier that morning - what would you tell this mother?
these reactions are normal following vaccine administration?
what should you tell a parent to expect following the administration of the MMR vaccine?
fever, rash, and drowsiness in the 7-10 days following immunization
what are some things you can tell a parent to do to comfort the side effect of vaccination?
acetaminophen, ibuprofen, warm compress
at what age can you tell parents they can give their child ibuprofen? why can they not get it before this?
six months - the kidneys are not developed enough before this
what is a contradiction for the Hepatitis B vaccine
an allergy to Brewer’s yeast
who is at the highest risk of getting hepatitis?
children - 90% of infected are infants
viral or bacterial: hepatitis B?
viral (liver)
how could a child get hepatitis B?
birth, blood exposures
viral or bacterial: diptheria
bacterial
how could someone get diphtheria?
contact with secretions (from nose, throat, eye, and skin)
upon assessment, the child has thick secretions at the back of the throat - what do you suspect?
Diphtheria
viral or bacterial: tetanus
bacteria
how would someone get tetanus?
wound in skin contact with soil contaminated with feces
a child presents with spasms of masticatory muscle, difficulty opening their mouth, and restlessness - what do you suspect?
tetanus
what treatment would you expect for tetanus?
tetanus immune globulin and penicillin
viral or bacterial: pertussis
bacterial
how would someone get pertussis?
direct contact with respiratory secretions (droplet)
parents presents with a paroxysmal cough - what do you suspect?
pertussis
viral or bacterial: poliomyelitis
virus
how would poliomyelitis be transmitted?
fecal-oral
what is a priority complication associated with poliomyelitis?
paralysis
viral or bacterial: influenzae type B
bacterial
how is influenzae type b transmitted?
respiratory secreations
what is a hallmark symptom of influenzae type B?
epiglottitis
a child presents with excessive drooling and remains in the tripod position - what do you suspect?
acute epiglottitis
what are two important nursing considerations for treating acute epiglottitis?
do not examine the throat; always have a tracheostomy kit near the bedside
viral or bacterial: pneumococcal disease
bacterial
what is a common symptom of pneumococcal disease?
otitis media (ear pain)
how do you treat pneumococcal meningitis?
vancomycin plus cefotaxime or ceftriaxone
how to you treat non-meningitis pneumococcal disease?
penicillin, ampicillin
what are complications associated with pneumococcal disease?
meningitis or sepsis
how is rotavirus transmitted?
fecal-oral
how is rotavirus prevented/treated?
oral live vaccine
viral or bacterial: measles
viral
how is measles transmitted
droplet
patient presents with a maculopapular rash that began on their head and then traveled downward - what disease do you suspect?
rubella; measles
patient presents with a rash characterized by red spots with blue and white centers - what do you suspect? what kind of rash is this?
measles; koplick spots
what location is it common for a child to have a measles rash?
palms and soles
what suggestion could you give a parents to help calm the itchiness associated with measles?
giving their child an colloidal (oatmeal) bath
viral or bacterial: mumps
viral
how is mumps transmitted?
respiratory secretions
what is a hallmark sign of mumps
parotid gland swelling (neck swelling)
viral or bacterial: rubella
virus
who is rubella transmitted?
nasopharyngeal secretions
patient presents with a maculopapular rash - what do you suspect?
rubella
viral or bacterial: varicella
viral
how is varicella transmitted?
respiratory secretions and direct contact
what is Raye’s syndrome?
encephalopathy associated with varicella
when would you tell a parent their child is safe to return to school following a varicella infection?
once the rash is dry and completely healed
viral or bacterial: Hepatitis A
viral
how is hepatitis A transmitted?
fecal-oral (contaminated food and water)
viral or bacterial: meningococcal disease
bacterial
who is most likely to get meningococcal disease?
infants less than 1 year; people ages 16-21
how is meningococcal disease transmitted?
respiratory secretions (droplet)
what is the treatment for meningococcal disease?
cefotaxime and ceftriaxone as quickly as possible
what should you educate a parent about possible complications of a meningococcal infection?
hearing loss, limb loss, neurologic defects
what is it indicated to give the serogroup A, C, W, Y vaccine for meningitis?
1st - 11-12 years
2nd - 16-18 years
when is group B meningitis recommended to be given?
between 10-25 years; recommended before college
what should you educate a parent on when they decide to give their child their first flu vaccine?
children require 2 doses their first year of receiving the flu vaccine
a child comes to the ER with a fever of 101, vomiting/diarrhea, a skin rash, and mucocutaneous lesions. the parents reports that the child hasn’t come in contact with any disease recently, but did test positive for COVID-19 five weeks ago - what are you worried this child could have developed?
multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C)
identify disease that children are not able to be vaccinated against - (remember, exiting home ensures infection)
roseola infantum, enterovirus, hand-foot-mouth disease, erythema infectiosum, infectious mononucleosis
viral or bacterial: roseola infantum
viral
how is roseola infantum transmitted?
respiratory secretions
what age group is most likely to contract roseola infantum?
6-24 months
a child presents to the ER with a maculopapular rash, and their mother reports that they have had a high fever for the last five days - what do you suspect?
roseola infantum
what is an important consideration when teaching a parent about roseola infantum?
it is a risk all year round
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