Plant Biology: Evolution and Plant Names

Epigenesis

________ is accomplished by blocking gene expression by adding methyl groups to DNA, which can be reversed when the genes are needed.

Leonardo da Vinci

observed that fossils are parts of previously existing organisms that have gone extinct.

Darwin

________ was criticized in his time because the theory of natural selection does not explain how variations occur.

Random mutations

________ only spread through the population in which they arise.

Geographic isolation

occurs when two populations are separated, preventing gene flow.

Mutation

change in a gene or chromosome.

Dichotomous keys

________ help identify organisms, choosing features from paired statements that most closely apply to an organism.

eudicots

Most dicots are now called ________ and flowering plants (Phylum Magnoliophyta) have been separated into two large classes (monocots and dicots)

Artificial selection

used in plant and animal breeding, evolution directed by humans.

Apomixis

production of seeds without fertilization.

Deletion

part of a chromosome breaks off.

Mechanical isolation

populations separated by a lack of physical ability to breed, for example.

Allopolyploid

a polyploid generated from a cross between two species.

Epigenetics

behaviors and environment change how genes work and are expressed, turning them on and off.

GenBank

A public database in which DNA sequence data can be deposited.

HMS Beagle

the boat on which Darwin served as an assistant naturalist and voyaged around the world, collecting plants and animals, especially in the Galapagos Islands.

Polyploidy

occurrence of double the normal chromosome number in an individual.

survive change

Most mutations are harmful, but some are silent or produce characteristics that help an organism ________.

Cladistic methods

________ are used to determine evolutionary history.

Systematists

________ incorporate evolutionary processes to sort out natural relationships.

Hybrids

offspring produce by parents that differ in one or more characteristics.

Aristotle

Arranged organisms from simplest to most complex, called the scale of nature, implying that organisms are static and dont evolve.

Homology

a characteristic shared by different organisms with common ancestry.

Autopolyploid

a polyploid generated from a single species.

wild population

Cultivated plants have origins or selection that is mostly due to intentional human activity, whether deliberate or accidental and may be from a(n) ________, making the plants unsuitable for the ICBN, requiring an independent catalogue.

Genetic drift

changes in the genetic make- up of a population due to random events.

Linnaeus

________ published Species Plantarum in 1753 and changed Latin phrases to reflect relationships between species.

Third Revolution

currently happening and characterized by an increase in interest in and understanding of evolution of development.

Migration

________- gene flow between populations when individuals or gametes ________ from one population to another.

Carolus Linnaeus

established the Binomial System of Nomenclature.

International Code of Botanical Nomenclature

The ________ is a book that standardizes the rules that govern the naming and classification of plants.

4th century BC

The first attempt to organize and classify plants occurred in the ________ when Theophrastus tried to classify plants by leaf characteristics.

Artificial selection

changes in populations of domestic animals by retaining animals with desirable traits.

Hybridization

________ is common in plants, but not animals.

Darwin

________ was influenced by Charles Lyells geology book that suggested the Earth is much older than previously believed as well as Malthuss ideas on population growth relative to food supplies and other limiting factors.

Transgenes

foreign genes introduced into plants through genetic engineering.

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

believed that characteristics acquired during life were passed on and become cumulative

First Revolution

brought about by Charles Darwin in 1859

Second Revolution

occurred in the 1930s, when Darwinian natural selection and Mendelian genetic provided a better understanding of how evolution occurs

convergent evolution

similarities not due to common ancestry

Translocation

part of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome

Inversion

part of a chromosome breaks off and reattaches in an inverted position, resulting in one or more nucleotide pair changes

Introgression

intercrossing between hybrids and parents

phylocode

used by some taxonomists to govern phylogenetic nomenclature and to name clades