Chapter 13

What are the two components of motivation?

What people want to do (direction) and how strongly they want to do it (strength).

What does the term 'inclusive fitness' mean?

Natural selection favors organisms that survive, reproduce, and foster the survival of their kin.

What drives sexual motivation in humans?

Sexual motivation is driven by fantasies and hormones, shaped by culture.

What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

A theory that arranges needs hierarchically, from physiological needs to self-actualization needs.

Define homeostasis in the context of biological motives.

The body's tendency to maintain a relatively constant internal state that permits cells to function.

What is the difference between primary and secondary drives?

Primary drives are innate (like hunger), while secondary drives are learned through conditioning.

What does self-determination theory propose?

Motivated behavior flourishes when people have their needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness satisfied.

According to Freud, what motivates human behavior?

Internal tension states, or drives, particularly for sex and aggression.

How do cognitive theorists view motivation?

As a function of goals and the value placed on outcomes, alongside beliefs about achieving them.

What are basic emotions?

Common feeling states, including anger, fear, happiness, sadness, and disgust.

What is the James–Lange theory of emotion?

The theory that emotions result from bodily experience induced by an emotion-eliciting stimulus.

What is the Cannon–Bard theory of emotion?

A theory asserting that emotion-inducing stimuli elicit both emotional experience and bodily response simultaneously.

How is sexual identity defined?

It refers to the way an individual defines their own sexuality, including heterosexual, gay, bisexual, or fluid identities.

What are satiety mechanisms?

Processes that signal the body to turn off ingestive behavior and indicate fullness.

What role do hormones play in sexual behavior?

They control sexual behavior through organizational effects and activation effects on brain circuitry.

What is meant by the term agency in psychosocial needs?

Motive for achievement, mastery, power, autonomy and other self-oriented goals.