Cell Biology and Biochemistry Lecture Notes

46 question-and-answer flashcards covering key points from the biochemistry and cell-biology lecture, including cell history, cell theory, membrane structure, organelles, cell division, genetic disorders, and forms of cell death.

Who discovered and named cells in 1665 by observing thin slices of cork?

Robert Hooke

Which scientist first named the jelly-like material inside a cell as “Sarcode,” later renamed protoplasm?

Felix Dujardin

Who coined the term “protoplasm” for the colloidal substance within cells (1839)?

Jan Evangelista Purkinje

What part of a cell is defined as the protoplasm enclosed by the plasma membrane, excluding the nucleus?

Cytoplasm

What term includes the cytoplasm, nucleus, and other organelles—the entire living material of the cell?

Protoplasm

Which two scientists are considered founders of classical cell theory?

Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

Who discovered the cell nucleus while examining orchid tissue?

Robert Brown

Which pioneer of microscopy is called the “Father of Microbiology” for observing free-living single-cell organisms?

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

State the first tenet of classical cell theory.

All living things are composed of cells and cell products.

State the second tenet of classical cell theory.

All living cells arise from pre-existing cells by cell division.

State the third tenet of classical cell theory.

Cells are the basic structural and functional unit of organisms.

According to modern cell theory, what is the fundamental hereditary unit of life?

The cell

What are the two major classes of cells?

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Give one example of a prokaryotic organism.

Bacteria

What key structural feature do prokaryotes lack that eukaryotes possess?

A true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Which cell component is described by the Fluid Mosaic Model?

Plasma (cell) membrane

Name the two main categories of proteins associated with the lipid bilayer.

Peripheral proteins and integral proteins

Which lipid regulates membrane fluidity by acting bidirectionally with temperature changes?

Cholesterol

At high temperatures, cholesterol __ membrane fluidity.

decreases

List the three major classes of membrane lipids.

Phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol

Name the two main types of phospholipids.

Phosphoglycerides and sphingolipids

What glycolipids contain both glucose and galactose?

Globosides

Which membrane proteins move solutes against a concentration gradient using ATP?

Pumps (e.g., Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase)

Ion channels allow ions to flow rapidly through a membrane pore in a _.

specific direction down their electrochemical gradient

Chloroplasts are the site of _.

photosynthesis

The flattened sacs of the endoplasmic reticulum are called _.

cisternae

Ribosomes are the site of synthesis.

protein

Mitochondria are known as the of the cell.

powerhouse

Which organelle modifies, sorts, and packages proteins into vesicles?

Golgi apparatus

In plant cells a Golgi stack is referred to as a _.

dictyosome

Which organelle contains hydrolytic enzymes and acts as the cell’s garbage disposal?

Lysosome

A large fluid-filled sac in plant cells that maintains turgor pressure is called a _.

central vacuole (vacuole)

The nucleolus is the site of _ transcription and ribosome assembly.

rRNA

How many chromosomes are found in a typical human somatic cell?

46

Microtubules are composed of the protein _.

tubulin

Microfilaments are composed primarily of _.

actin

Mitosis produces ___ daughter cells genetically identical to the parent cell.

2

Meiosis produces ___ daughter cells genetically different from the parent cell.

4

What term describes any abnormal number of chromosomes?

Aneuploidy

Trisomy 21 is commonly known as _ syndrome.

Down

Trisomy 18 is also called _ syndrome.

Edwards

Trisomy 13 is referred to as _ syndrome.

Patau

Mosaic or partial trisomy 8 causes _ syndrome.

Warkany syndrome 2

A female with a 47,XXX karyotype has _ syndrome.

Triple X

A 47,XXY karyotype in males results in _ syndrome.

Klinefelter syndrome

Which form of cell death results from loss of membrane integrity and ATP depletion?

Necrosis

The self-digestion process in which a cell degrades its own components is called _.

autophagy

Programmed cell death characterized by cell shrinkage and apoptotic bodies is _.

apoptosis

Reduction in size or number of cells in a tissue or organ is termed _.

atrophy