BNA 100 - 2nd exam

What are the four main types of fires?

There are four common fire classes: Class A involves ordinary materials such as paper, wood, and cloth; Class B involves flammable liquids; Class C involves energized electrical equipment; and Class D involves combustible metals.

What are common fire risk factors in a healthcare facility?

Smoking, oxygen equipment, electrical equipment, cooking equipment, flammable liquids, overloaded outlets, damaged cords, and improper storage of combustible materials can increase the risk.

What are important oxygen safety rules?

Oxygen supports combustion, so it must be kept away from flames, smoking, sparks, and other heat sources. Electrical equipment and flammable products should also be used carefully around oxygen.

What can a nursing assistant do to help prevent fires?

Keep exits and hallways clear, report damaged electrical equipment, keep flammable items away from heat, follow oxygen safety rules, never allow smoking where prohibited, and know the facility's fire emergency procedures.

What does RACE stand for?

RACE is a fire emergency procedure: Rescue anyone in immediate danger, Activate the alarm, Confine the fire by closing doors, and Extinguish the fire if it is safe to do so.

What does PASS stand for?

PASS describes how to use a fire extinguisher: Pull the pin, Aim the nozzle at the base of the fire, Squeeze the handle, and Sweep the nozzle from side to side.

What are two ways to put out a person whose clothing is on fire?

Use a safety shower or cover the person with a fire blanket if available. The person can also be instructed to stop, drop, and roll.

What should a nursing assistant know about fire emergencies?

The nursing assistant should know the facility's fire plan, emergency exits, alarm system, evacuation routes, location of extinguishers, and how residents will be moved to safety.

What is a CODE policy?

A CODE policy is a facility's emergency procedure that gives staff specific instructions for responding to an emergency such as a fire, medical emergency, or other dangerous situation.

What are two basic steps in responding to a disaster?

Protect yourself and others from immediate danger, then follow the facility's emergency or disaster plan and the directions of the appropriate staff.

What are common causes of falls?

Weakness, poor balance, dizziness, medications, vision problems, slippery floors, clutter, poor lighting, improper footwear, wet surfaces, and unsafe transfers can contribute to falls.

When and where are residents most likely to fall?

Falls commonly happen during transfers, walking to the bathroom, getting out of bed, and when residents are alone or trying to do something they cannot safely do independently.

How can nursing assistants help prevent falls?

Keep the environment clean and well lit, remove clutter, keep frequently used items within reach, make sure residents wear proper footwear, use prescribed assistive devices, and follow the care plan.

What should you do if a resident begins to fall?

Do not try to completely stop the resident's fall by grabbing or lifting them. Protect the resident's head and guide them toward the floor as safely as possible.

What should you do if you find a resident who has fallen?

Do not move the resident unless there is immediate danger. Stay with them, call the nurse for help, observe for injuries, and follow facility policy.

Which residents may be at risk for elopement?

Residents with dementia, confusion, memory problems, or a history of wandering may leave a safe area without understanding the danger.

What should you do if a resident elopes?

Notify the nurse and follow the facility's elopement or missing-resident procedure immediately. Staff may need to search designated areas and notify appropriate personnel.

What are the three degrees of burns?

A first-degree burn affects the outer layer of skin; a second-degree burn involves deeper skin and may cause blisters; a third-degree burn causes severe damage through the full thickness of the skin.

How should a first-degree burn be treated?

Cool the area with cool running water according to facility procedure, protect the area, and report the injury. Do not put ice directly on the skin.

How should second- and third-degree burns be treated?

These burns require prompt medical attention. Do not break blisters or apply creams unless directed. Follow emergency procedures and report the injury immediately.

What is friction?

Friction occurs when two surfaces rub against each other. It can damage the skin, especially when a resident is dragged across a bed or chair.

What is shearing?

Shearing happens when the skin stays in place while deeper tissues move, often when a resident slides down in bed. It can damage blood vessels and deeper tissues.

What are signs that a person may faint?

Dizziness, weakness, lightheadedness, pale or clammy skin, nausea, blurred vision, and loss of consciousness may occur.

What should you do if a person faints?

Help protect the person from injury, lower them safely if possible, call for assistance, check their condition, and follow emergency procedures. Do not allow them to stand suddenly.

What are signs of external hemorrhage?

Bleeding that is visible outside the body, especially heavy or continuous bleeding, may indicate hemorrhage.

What should you do for severe external bleeding?

Call for help and follow emergency procedures. Apply direct pressure with appropriate protective equipment if trained and permitted, and continue to monitor the person.

What are signs of internal hemorrhage?

Possible signs include weakness, dizziness, pale or clammy skin, abdominal swelling or pain, vomiting or coughing blood, blood in urine or stool, and signs of shock.

What are signs of shock and what should you do?

Signs can include pale or cool skin, rapid weak pulse, rapid breathing, weakness, confusion, and anxiety. Call for emergency help, keep the person safe and warm, and follow facility procedures.

What are signs of anaphylactic shock?

Severe allergic reactions may cause swelling of the face or throat, difficulty breathing, wheezing, hives, dizziness, and a sudden drop in blood pressure. This is an emergency requiring immediate help.

What are signs of a complete airway obstruction?

The person cannot speak, cough effectively, or breathe. They may grab their throat, become silent, turn blue, or lose consciousness.

What should you do for an incomplete FBAO?

If the person can cough or breathe, encourage them to keep coughing and monitor them closely. Do not perform abdominal thrusts while they are coughing effectively.

What should you do for a complete airway obstruction?

Call for emergency help and perform the appropriate choking response, such as abdominal thrusts for a conscious adult according to your training. If the person becomes unconscious, begin the appropriate emergency response.

What does FAST stand for when identifying a stroke?

FAST means Face drooping, Arm weakness, Speech difficulty, and Time to call emergency medical services.

What is the adult CPR compression-to-breath ratio?

For adult CPR with rescue breaths, the standard ratio is 30 chest compressions to 2 breaths.

What is OSHA?

OSHA stands for Occupational Safety and Health Administration. It creates and enforces workplace safety standards designed to protect workers.

What should you do around harmful chemicals?

Follow the facility's safety procedures, use required personal protective equipment, read the safety information, store chemicals correctly, and never mix chemicals unless specifically instructed.

What information should be given when reporting a poisoning?

Provide the person's name and condition, the substance involved if known, how much may have been taken or exposed to, when it happened, and any symptoms.

What is an MSDS/SDS?

A Safety Data Sheet provides important information about a chemical, including its hazards, safe handling, storage, required protective equipment, and emergency procedures.

Where can workplace violence occur in healthcare?

It can occur anywhere, but higher-risk areas may include emergency departments, psychiatric areas, parking lots, isolated rooms, and areas where staff work with confused or aggressive individuals.

What information should be included in an incident report?

Include objective facts such as what happened, when and where it occurred, who was involved, what was observed, and what actions were taken. Do not include opinions or blame.

When should an incident report be completed?

An incident report is completed when an unusual event, accident, injury, fall, medication-related event, or other unexpected occurrence happens according to facility policy.

How should an incident report be written?

It should be factual, objective, accurate, and specific. Record what was actually seen or heard instead of guessing about causes or assigning blame.

How can equipment injuries be prevented?

Use equipment only as trained, inspect it before use, follow manufacturer's and facility instructions, report damaged equipment, and never improvise with equipment.

How can electrical equipment injuries be prevented?

Do not use equipment with damaged cords or plugs, keep electrical equipment away from water, do not overload outlets, and report unsafe equipment immediately.

What is bariatric equipment?

Bariatric equipment is specially designed to safely support residents who have a higher body weight. It may include beds, wheelchairs, lifts, and other equipment with appropriate weight capacities.

What are important wheelchair safety rules?

Lock the wheelchair brakes before transfers, make sure footrests are positioned safely, check that the resident is seated securely, and use the chair according to the care plan.

How should a wheelchair be moved up a ramp?

Push the wheelchair according to facility training and the equipment manufacturer's instructions, maintaining control of the chair and avoiding sudden movements.

How should a wheelchair be moved down a ramp?

Move slowly and maintain control of the wheelchair. Follow facility training for the safest direction and positioning.

How should a wheelchair be moved up a curb?

Use the approved technique from your facility's transfer training and make sure the wheelchair remains stable and controlled.

How should a wheelchair be moved down a curb?

Use the approved wheelchair technique, move slowly, maintain control, and protect the resident from tipping or falling.

How should a wheelchair be moved through a doorway?

Approach the doorway carefully, make sure there is enough space, move slowly, and avoid hitting the resident or equipment against the door frame.

What are important stretcher safety rules?

Lock wheels when the stretcher is stationary, raise side rails when appropriate, secure the resident, use enough staff for the transfer, and never leave an unsafe resident unattended.

Why is resident identification important?

Correct identification prevents mistakes and helps ensure that the correct resident receives the correct care, treatment, food, medication, and services.

Why should a room number not be used as the only resident identifier?

Room numbers can change and may not uniquely identify a resident. Approved identifiers help prevent care from being provided to the wrong person.

How many resident identifiers are generally used?

Healthcare facilities commonly require two approved identifiers, such as the resident's name and date of birth, according to facility policy.

What is the difference between physical and chemical restraints?

A physical restraint limits a person's movement using a device or equipment. A chemical restraint is a medication used primarily to control behavior or restrict movement rather than to treat a medical condition.

What can cause behavioral problems in residents?

Pain, illness, fear, confusion, dementia, medication effects, environmental changes, unmet needs, hunger, fatigue, or difficulty communicating can contribute to behavior changes.

What are alternatives to restraints?

Alternatives may include increased supervision, regular toileting, repositioning, addressing pain, providing activities, reducing environmental triggers, using alarms when appropriate, and meeting the resident's needs.

What are important restraint safety rules?

Restraints should only be used when legally and medically appropriate, with required authorization and according to facility policy. The least restrictive method should be used and the resident must be monitored.

How should restraints be secured?

They should be secured according to manufacturer and facility instructions, usually to the bed frame rather than a movable side rail, while allowing quick release when necessary.

How often should a resident in restraints be checked?

every 15 min. The resident must be monitored regularly according to the care plan, facility policy, and legal requirements. Circulation, skin, comfort, position, and basic needs should be checked.

What restraint problems should be reported immediately?

Report breathing difficulty, circulation problems, swelling, skin injury, increased confusion, distress, inability to move normally, or any other concerning change.

How often should a bedridden resident generally be repositioned?

A bedridden resident is commonly repositioned at least every 2 hours, or according to the individualized care plan.

What does ABC stand for in body mechanics?

ABC refers to Alignment, Balance, and Coordination. Proper body mechanics help keep the body in a safe position while performing tasks.

Which federal agency helps protect workers from workplace hazards?

OSHA, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, establishes workplace safety requirements and protects workers from recognized hazards.

What are good body mechanics?

Keep your back aligned, bend at the knees and hips instead of the waist, keep objects close to your body, use a wide base of support, avoid twisting, and ask for help when needed.

What is aphasia?

Aphasia is a communication disorder involving difficulty understanding or producing language. It does not automatically mean the person has lost intelligence.

What is apraxia?

Apraxia is difficulty performing purposeful movements even though the person may have the physical ability and understands what they want to do.

What is Braille?

Braille is a system of raised dots that allows people with visual impairment to read through touch.

What is cerumen?

Cerumen is earwax. It is produced naturally in the ear canal and helps protect and lubricate the ear.

What is tinnitus?

Tinnitus is the perception of ringing, buzzing, humming, or other sounds in the ears when there is no outside sound causing them.

What is vertigo?

Vertigo is a sensation that the person or their surroundings are spinning or moving when they are not.

What is hyperopia?

Hyperopia, or farsightedness, makes it easier to see distant objects than close objects.

What is myopia?

Myopia, or nearsightedness, makes nearby objects easier to see while distant objects may appear blurry.

What is astigmatism?

Astigmatism is an irregular curvature of the cornea or lens that can cause blurred or distorted vision.

What is presbyopia?

Presbyopia is an age-related loss of the eye's ability to focus on close objects.

What is presbycusis?

Presbycusis is age-related hearing loss, usually involving difficulty hearing higher-pitched sounds.

What does auditory mean?

Auditory refers to hearing or anything related to the sense of hearing.

What does gustatory mean?

Gustatory refers to the sense of taste.

What does ocular mean?

Ocular refers to the eyes or the sense of sight.

What does olfactory mean?

Olfactory refers to the sense of smell.

What does tactile mean?

Tactile refers to the sense of touch.

What is otitis media?

Otitis media is an infection or inflammation of the middle ear and is especially common in children.

What is Meniere's disease?

Meniere's disease is an inner-ear disorder that can cause vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss, and a feeling of pressure or fullness in the ear.

What is dysarthria?

Dysarthria is difficulty speaking clearly because the muscles used for speech are weak or difficult to control.

What is a prosthesis?

A prosthesis is an artificial replacement for a missing body part.

What is a common ear disorder in children?

Otitis media, an infection or inflammation of the middle ear, is common in children.

What disorder may cause sudden hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo in adults?

Meniere's disease can cause episodes involving vertigo, tinnitus, hearing changes, and pressure in the ear.

What psychosocial problems can hearing loss cause?

Hearing loss can lead to frustration, embarrassment, loneliness, withdrawal, anxiety, depression, and difficulty participating in social activities.

How should you communicate with a resident who has hearing loss?

Face the resident directly, speak clearly and at a normal pace, reduce background noise, use simple language, and make sure the resident can see your face. Do not shout.

How should a hearing aid be cared for?

Handle it carefully, keep it clean and dry, store it in its proper container when not in use, and follow the manufacturer's and facility's instructions. Keep batteries away from water and small children.

What does aphasia involve?

Aphasia involves difficulty understanding or expressing language. A person may have normal intelligence even though they have trouble communicating.

What are three common types of aphasia?

Expressive aphasia mainly affects the ability to produce words; receptive aphasia affects understanding language; global aphasia causes severe problems with both understanding and expressing language.

How should you communicate with a resident who has a speech impairment?

Give the resident time to respond, listen carefully, do not finish their sentences, use simple questions when appropriate, and provide communication aids if needed.

What are four common vision defects?

Common vision problems include myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and presbyopia.

Which common vision problem is associated with aging?

Presbyopia is a normal age-related change that makes it harder to focus on close objects.

What are common age-related changes in vision?

Older adults may experience decreased visual sharpness, slower adjustment to darkness, increased sensitivity to glare, reduced peripheral vision, and difficulty distinguishing certain colors.

How can Braille help someone with sensory loss?

Braille provides a way for a person with significant vision loss to read information through the sense of touch.

How should a nursing assistant care for a blind resident?

Identify yourself when entering, explain what you are doing, keep furniture and belongings in consistent locations, describe the environment, and allow the resident to make choices independently whenever possible.

What are five common eye disorders in older adults?

Cataracts, glaucoma, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and retinal problems can affect older adults.