chapter 1 egyptian, greek, and roman

Pre dynastic period

5500 bce-natural preservation

Early dynastic period

3100 bce (mastabas (tome) burials

Old kingdom

2685 bce (linen mummies)

Middle Kingdom

1999 bce (face masks)

New kingdom

1550 bce mummification perfected

Third intermediate

1070 bce (embalming basics)

Internal, external

Egyptians exhibited society based on ____ consciousness instead of ____ authority

Osiris

God of the underworld who would determine the final judgement of the deceased according to behavior on earth (isis found his body after being thrown in river and wrapped his pieces together ie mummy)

Circle of necessity

A 3000 year trip the soul would take before it returned to inhabit the body, souls would inhabit many forms of life during this time

Anubis

God of death/ god of embalming jackal headed god who guided the deceased to the throne of Osiris for their final judgment

1st part of judgement

Questions about evil deeds and the deceased pledging their innocence

2nd part of judgement

Weighing of the heart, weighed against a feather from the goddess Ma’at which symbolized truth and justice heart must be lighter so soul could move to enternal life

Ammit

If heart weighed more than the feather the deceased would be devoured by the demon __

Ammit is known as

The devourer of the dead comprised of crocodile, lion/ tiger, and hippo

6

How many Egyptian elements of the soul are there?

Ba

The soul

Yakhu

The shining one/ spirit

Ren

The name

Sheut

The shadow

Ib/ the heart

Seat of intellect and emotion

ka

The vital part/ spirit most important element

rue nu Pert em hru

The book of the dead text from the new kingdom period

Mastaba

Original tomb or building to house the bodies of the less wealthy eventually turned into pyramids

Herodotus

First to state that Egyptians believed in a soul

Kher heb

Priest/ head embalmer in charge of necropolis

Embalmer

Surgeon/ anatomist

Pollinctor

Apothecary dispenses drugs

Dissector

Made the Incision, stoned to death if it was done incorrectly

Scribe

Lawyer, gave the path of incision

Best enabling

Removal of Brain, oil poured into cranium through the nostrils, then removed with a long spoon, then packed with bandaging. Evisceration incision on abdomen on left side with an Ethiopian stone, organs removed and placed on canopic jars HEART AND KIDNEY left inside body then washed and spices placed inside

Hapi jar

Ape/ bamboo head- lungs

qebehsnewef jar

Hawk head- intestines

Imsety jar

Human head- liver

Duametef

Jackal head- stomach

70 day rule for Egyptian mummies

15 days cleaning, 40 day drying, 15 days wrapping, bandaging, and painting

Good level of embalming

Injection of cedar oil into all body cavities without evisceration no removal of organs and laid in sodium bicarbonate

Basic level of embalming

Purging the intentions by soaking body in a natron solution for 70 days use of pitch which resulted in hard black mummy that lasted almost indefinitely most commonly known to western world

Sarcophagus

A container that would house either a coffin or an Egyptian mummy

Sarx

Flesh

Phagen

Eat

Funeral masks

Served purpose of protection the face but also giving the deceased a face in the afterlife and help spirits recognize body after long journey

Tutankhamun

Most recognizable face mask

Mummies

A body of a human being or animal that has been ceremonially preserved by removal of the internal organs treatment with natron and resin and wrapping in bandages

Pneuma

Ancient Greek word for the human spirit, feet laid facing door so spirit knew the way to leave

Alienato mentis

The separation of the soul from the body in an ecstasy to fly up and be with god

The elysian field

Greeks belief reserved for a very select few, an afterworld much like the one they lived in where you had to live a worthy life to enter