Exam 2 study guide (Nur 140)

Vocabulary flashcards covering health promotion, prevention levels, immunization schedules, developmental theories, and pediatric health milestones for Exam 2 review.

Health

Overall state of physical, mental, and social well-being; not simply absence of disease.

Wellness

Active process of making choices that support the highest possible level of health.

Illness

A person's response to disease or a change in normal health/function.

Acute illness

Illness with sudden onset and usually short duration; often resolves with treatment (example: influenza).

Chronic illness

Illness that is long-lasting, usually develops or persists over time and often requires ongoing management (example: diabetes).

Health promotion

Helping people increase control over and improve their health; often requires behavior change.

Primary prevention

Prevention level aimed at preventing disease/injury BEFORE it happens (e.g., vaccines, hand hygiene, healthy diet, exercise, sunscreen, smoking prevention).

Secondary prevention

Prevention level focused on EARLY detection of disease/injury (e.g., BP checks, glucose screening, mammograms, skin checks, lead screening).

Tertiary prevention

Prevention level focused on managing an EXISTING condition and preventing complications (e.g., diabetes management, cardiac rehab, PT after stroke, support for chronic disease).

Birth routine vaccines

Hepatitis B.

2-month routine vaccines

DTaP, IPV, Hib, PCV, rotavirus; Hep B series continues.

4-month routine vaccines

DTaP, IPV, Hib, PCV, rotavirus.

6-month routine vaccines

DTaP, IPV (depending on product/schedule), Hib/PCV/rotavirus as indicated; Hep B series; influenza can begin.

12-month+ routine vaccines

MMR, varicella, Hepatitis A; Hib/PCV boosters according to schedule.

4–6 years routine vaccines

DTaP, IPV, MMR, varicella boosters.

11–12 years routine vaccines

Tdap, HPV series, meningococcal ACWY.

Older adult routine vaccines

Influenza yearly; pneumococcal vaccination as recommended; shingles (Shingrix); Tdap/Td boosters; other vaccines based on risk/history.

Live vaccine administration rule (MMR / Varicella)

Do NOT routinely give MMR or varicella before $12$ months because they are live vaccines normally scheduled at $12\text{--}15$ months.

Tetanus booster schedule

Generally given every $10$ years after primary series; may be needed after $5$ years for certain deep/dirty wounds.

Orthostatic hypotension criteria

A drop in systolic BP $\ge 20\,\text{mmHg}$ OR diastolic BP $\ge 10\,\text{mmHg}$ within $3$ minutes of standing.

Diabetes diagnostic criteria

Fasting plasma glucose $\ge 126\,\text{mg/dL}$, A1C $\ge 6.5\%$, 2-hour OGTT $\ge 200\,\text{mg/dL}$, or random plasma glucose $\ge 200\,\text{mg/dL}$ with classic hyperglycemia symptoms.

ABCDE skin cancer mnemonic

Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter, Evolving.

Lead poisoning risk and screening

Risk from older housing/lead paint or dust, contaminated soil/water; children may initially be asymptomatic; screened via blood lead testing for children with indicated risk.

USPSTF

United States Preventive Services Task Force; an independent panel of experts that reviews evidence and makes recommendations about preventive services for people without signs or symptoms.

Nicotine replacement

Medication (patch, gum, lozenge, etc.) that reduces nicotine withdrawal while quitting. Patch may cause skin irritation and vivid dreams; gum/lozenge may cause mouth/throat irritation or hiccups.

Bupropion SR (Zyban)

Non-nicotine medication that reduces cravings/withdrawal; side effects include insomnia, dry mouth, headache, and lowered seizure threshold.

Varenicline (Chantix)

Partial nicotine-receptor agonist that decreases cravings and reward from smoking; side effects include nausea, insomnia, vivid/abnormal dreams, and headache.

Erikson: Infant

Trust vs Mistrust. Nursing approach: consistently meet needs; hold, feed, comfort, provide safety.

Erikson: Toddler

Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt. Nursing approach: allow safe independence and simple choices; support toilet/self-care attempts.

Erikson: Preschool

Initiative vs Guilt. Nursing approach: encourage exploration, pretend play, and self-initiated activities.

Erikson: School-age

Industry vs Inferiority. Nursing approach: give achievable tasks/projects; praise effort and accomplishments.

Erikson: Adolescent

Identity vs Role Confusion. Nursing approach: allow privacy, peer contact, expression of feelings, and participation in decisions.

Erikson: Young adult

Intimacy vs Isolation. Nursing approach: support close relationships and meaningful connections.

Erikson: Middle adult

Generativity vs Stagnation. Focus: contribution to family, work, community, and next generation.

Erikson: Older adult

Ego Integrity vs Despair. Nursing approach: encourage life review, meaning, acceptance, and maintenance of relationships.

Sensorimotor stage

Birth–2 yr. Learns through senses/actions; object permanence develops. Nursing approach: provide stimulation and maintain routines; minimize separation.

Preoperational stage

2–7 yr. Egocentric + magical thinking; developing language. Nursing approach: use simple explanations, play/dolls, and correct false cause-and-effect beliefs.

Concrete operational stage

7–11 yr. Logical thinking about concrete things; understands conservation/classification. Nursing approach: explain treatments and let child handle equipment.

Formal operational stage

11 yr–adult. Abstract, ethical, future-oriented thinking. Nursing approach: give detailed explanations and involve patient in planning.

Freud's psychosexual stages

Oral (0–1 yr: mouth), Anal (1–3 yr: elimination/control), Phallic (3–6 yr: genital curiosity), Latency (6–11 yr: socialization/problem-solving), Genital (~12+ yr: sexuality, independence, relationships).

Kohlberg's moral development stages

Preconventional (about 2–7 yr: consequences/reward-punishment), Conventional (about 7–12 yr: rules/approval), Postconventional (12+ yr: internal principles).

Denver II screening areas

Four areas evaluated: Personal-Social, Fine Motor-Adaptive, Language, Gross Motor.

Posterior fontanel closure

Closes at 2 months.

Anterior fontanel closure

Closes at 12–18 months.

Birth weight doubling age

5–6 months.

Birth weight tripling age

12 months.

Solitary play

Typical play for infants: mobiles, rattles, music, texture toys, peek-a-boo, stacking/nesting toys.

Parallel play

Typical play for toddlers: plays next to, not with, other children (e.g., blocks, push/pull toys, filling/emptying, balls).

Associative / Cooperative play

Typical play beginning in preschool (2–7 yr): pretend/dress-up, tricycle, puzzles, crafts.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Neurologic disorder characterized by difficulty with social interaction/communication plus restricted or repetitive behaviors/interests.

ASD red flag at any age

Loss of language or social skills.

Spastic cerebral palsy

Most common type of cerebral palsy; characterized by hypertonicity, poor posture/balance/coordination.

Dyskinetic/athetoid cerebral palsy

Type of cerebral palsy characterized by involuntary writhing/jerking movements that may worsen with stress.

Ataxic cerebral palsy

Type of cerebral palsy characterized by wide-based gait and uncoordinated movements.

Failure to Thrive (FTT)

Inadequate expected weight gain/growth characterized by poor weight gain or a falling growth trajectory.