Sports Medicine

Superior

towards the head (above)

Inferior

towards the feet (below)

Medial

towards the midline of the body (inside)

Lateral

away from the midline of the body (outside)

Anterior

toward the front of the body

Posterior

toward the back of the body

Proximal

towards the attached end of the limb

Distal

toward the far end of the limb

Ipsilateral

the same side as the affected area

Contralateral

the opposite side from the affected area

Varus

movement or position of a distal segment toward the midline of the body (going inside laterally)

Valgus

movement or position of a distal segment away from the midline of the body (going outside laterally)

Supra

above

Infra

below

intra

inside

extra

outside

Transverse Plane

divides body into top and bottom portions

Frontal Plane

divides body into anterior and posterior portions

Saggital Plane

divides body into right and left portions

Flexion

bending at a joint or decreasing the angle between two bones (movement along saggital plane)

Extension

straightening a joint or increasing the angle between two bones (movement along saggital plane)

Planterflexion

ankle movement pointing toe down

Dorsiflexion

ankle movement pointing toe towards shin

Abduction

moving body part away from body (movement along the frontal plane)

Adduction

moving body part toward midline (movement along frontal plane)

Inversion

turning sole of the foot inward

Eversion

turning sole of the foot outward

Pronation

turning palm downward or flattening of the foot

Supination

turning palm upward

Rotation

movement around the axis of a long bone

Agonist

the primary muscle causing movement

Antagonist

the muscle opposing the primary muscle causing movement

Synergist

muscles assisting a movement (stabalizes or produces extra force)

Concentric action

a shortening action

Eccentric Action

a lengthening action

Isometric

a static action

Origin

proximal attachment of a muscle (end that does not move)

Insertion

distal attachment of the muscle (the end that is moving)

joint

articulation between two bones (two bones come together)

synovial joint

a joint that is surrounded by a joint capsule and is bathed in fluid

Joint Capsule

fibrous connective tissue sack that surrounds/contains/holds together a joint and contains synovial fluid

Ligament

connects bone to bone

Articular

joint surface of a bone that is lined with cartilage

Meniscus

cartilage structure within a joint

muscle

contractile tissues, causes joint movement

tendon

connects muscle to bone

Nerve

relays messages, via electrical impulses, from the brain to other parts of the body and vice versa

Bursa

sack containing fluid to prevent friction of muscle/tendon over bone

Tuberosity

a "bump" on a bone that is typically a site of a ligament or tendon attachment

Hyper

too much

Hypo

too little

itis

inflammation

laxity

measure of movement of a joint/ligament integrity

Etiology

cause of a disease or injury

Pathology

nature or manifestation of disease or injury

MRI

diagnotic test best for soft tissues like ligaments, joints, etc.

X-Ray & Cat Scan

diagnostic test best for bone

Bone Scan

diagnotic test best to determine a stress fracture because you can see the bone healing

Arthroscopy

best diagnotic test because you can see the actual structure

Contusion

injury caused by blunt force trauma

Bruise (ecchymosis)

result of an injury in some cases - referring to the coloration

Myositis Ossificans

bone growing within a muscle

Dislocation

complete disassociation of two bones & remain out of position

Subluxation

disassociation of joint, but immediately goes back in

Separation

disassociation in a joint that has little or no movement

Fracture

medical term for broken bone

Open Fracture

goes through the skin and has greater chance of infection

Closed Fracture

does not break through skin

Avulsion

ligament or tendon pulling off a piece of bone

Chondral

Fracture on the articular cartilage

Osteochondral

bone chips with fracture

Comminuted

more than two pieces of bone fragments

Compression

bone collapses on itself

Epiphyseal

bone collapses on itself - most commonly seen in the elderly

Greenstick

partial break - does not go all the way through the bone

Oblique

broken at an angle - can be problematic because it's hard to keep lined up so it can heal

Spiral

broken in a spiral manner - due to rotation while food is planted

Stress Fracture

small fracture that may or may not be seen on the x-ray

transverse

perpendicular fracture - some are stable, but it is dependent on the bone and force

Abrasions

scrape

Avulsions

force peels a little piece of skin up (flap)

Incisions

clean, smooth cut (surgery)

Lacerations

jagged cut

Puncture

hole in skin

Edema

swelling in the tissues

Pitting endema

secondary to swelling - fluid is leaving injury site, but molecules stay behind which when pressing will leave finger indentation

Hematoma

pooling of blood in a relatively small, contained area

Ecchymosis

black and blue discoloration

Effusion

localized swelling - swelling contained within a joint capsule

Hemarthrosis

fluid within the joint is blood

acute

right after injury - corresponds to the inflammation stage

subacute

some time after initial injury - corresponds with the proliferation & remodeling stages

Chronic

result of repetitive microtrauma

Strain

damage to the muscle or tendon - associated with a pull

sprain

damage to a ligament or joint capsule

1st Degree

strain or sprain - over stretching of the tendon or ligament

2nd degree

partial tear - no longer has a lot of stability

3rd degree

complete tear or rupture

Distal Ulna

Pinky Side above the styloid process (boney spot)

Distal Radius

thumb side right after boney spot