LIT 1st quarter - Google Docs

The body of writing belonging to a given language or people, including individual pieces of writing.

Literature

Criteria used to evaluate the quality and value of literature, including artistry, suggestiveness, intellectual value, spiritual value, permanence, universality, and style.

Literary Standards

The purposes of literature, including entertainment (dulce) and instruction (utile).

Functions of Literature

The different types of literature, including oral and written forms, and the four main forms:poetry, fictional prose, nonfictional prose, and drama.

Divisions of Literature

A form of literature that uses metrical language, rhythm, and rhyme to create word pictures and convey messages.

Poetry

Poems that express personal experiences, close relationships, and feelings, including elegy, ode, sonnet, and haiku.

Lyric Poems

Poems that tell stories, including ballad, epic, metrical tale, and metrical romance.

Narrative Poems

Prose written in ordinary language that is the product of the writer's imagination, including short stories and novels.

Fictional Prose

Prose that communicates facts or opinions about reality, including biography, autobiography, memoir, travelogue, interview, academic texts, journalistic texts, diary, speech, and letter.

Nonfictional Prose

Literature that combines elements of prose and poetry into plays intended to be performed on stage, including monologues, dialogues, stage directions, and narrative sections.1. Comedy:A type of drama characterized by a lighthearted tone, clever wordplay, and humorous treatment of serious topics.

Drama

A type of drama that features exaggerated humor, slapstick gags, and improbable events.

Farce

Originally referred to as opera, it is a type of drama in which the characters sing and dance while performing.

Musical

A type of drama that combines periods of standard storyline interrupted by songs, with dramatic or comedic storylines.

Melodrama

A type of drama that features a protagonist with a tragic flaw, circumstances that quickly get out of control, and darker themes than a melodrama.

Tragedy

A type of drama that tells a serious storyline in a humorous, sardonic, or snide way, with tragically flawed characters whose actions don't result in death.

Tragicomedy

Literature is a powerful stress reliever, stimulates imagination, improves concentration and focus, keeps the brain active and healthy, expands vocabulary, improves writing and communication skills, encourages critical thinking, teaches about history, and fosters empathy.

Importance of Literature

A Peruvian Spanish writer known for his commitment to social change, novels, plays, and essays. He was an unsuccessful candidate for president of Peru in 1990 and was awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in Literature.

Mario Vargas Llosa

Different perspectives used to analyze and interpret literature, including what we read, why we read, and how we read.

Critical Approaches

Also known as critical theory, it refers to a body of ideas and methods used in the practical reading of literature to understand its meaning.

Literary Theory

An informed, written analysis and evaluation of a work of literature based on a literary theory.

Literary Criticism

An interpretative approach that emphasizes the literary form and the study of literary devices within the text, ignoring the author's biography.

Formalism/New Criticism

The mistake of equating the meaning of a poem with the author's intentions.

Intentional Fallacy

The mistake of confusing the meaning of a text with how it makes the reader feel.

Affective Fallacy

The assumption that an interpretation of a literary work can consist of a detailed summary or paraphrase, disregarding the unique artistic qualities of the work.

Heresy of Paraphrase

A method of analysis that involves a close and detailed examination of the text itself to arrive at an interpretation without referring to historical, authorial, or cultural concerns.

Close Reading

The use of literary language that calls attention to itself, making the strange familiar and the familiar strange.

Defamiliarization

Texts possess meaning in and of themselves, the best readers closely analyze the text, meaning is context-bound, excellence in literature is manifested through organic unity, and interpretations should seek out and resolve ambiguities in the text.

Assumptions of New Criticism

Close reading of texts, paying attention to semantic tensions, and applying appropriate literary conventions such as imagery, motifs, metaphor, symbols, irony, paradox, structural patterns, narrative perspective, and prosody.1. New Criticism:A literary approach that focuses on revealing the organic unity of a work and dismisses the importance of history and reader response.

Methods of New Criticism

The idea that all elements in a literary work contribute to its overall meaning and structure.

Organic unity

A theory that seeks to understand how systems work and looks for patterns that underlie human behavior, experience, and creation.

Structuralism

A pair of opposite concepts that are often analyzed in structuralist analysis.

Binary opposition

A linguist whose lectures on linguistics formed the basis of structuralism.

Ferdinand de Saussure

The system of language that is prior to any linguistic utterance.

La langue

Structures or systems that we use to organize and understand physical entities.

Conceptual frameworks

The way in which our conceptual frameworks shape our understanding of the world.

Perception of the world

Structuralists are more concerned with how meaning is generated rather than producing a "correct" interpretation. They treat literature as an organized, scientific body of knowledge and emphasize the importance of understanding the underlying structure that makes meaning possible.

Assumptions of structuralism

A socio-economic theory developed by Karl Marx that focuses on the means of production and the struggle between social classes.

Marxism

The resources and facilities used to produce goods and services.

Means of production

The system that determines the distribution of wealth, power, and resources in a society.

Socioeconomic system

Belief systems that maintain social inequality and keep a small number of people wealthy while others struggle.

Oppressive ideologies

An approach to analyzing literature that looks at how socioeconomic ideologies influence characters' behavior and how literature can instigate revolution.1. Classism:The belief that our value as human beings is directly related to the social class to which we belong.

Marxist perspective

A system in which everything can be defined in terms of its worth in money and its market value.

Capitalism

The belief that competition among individuals promotes a strong society and allows the most capable people to rise to the top.

Competition

Relating things and people in terms of their monetary worth and social status.

Commodification

An ideology in which an individual pursues goals alone, prioritizing self-interest over the needs of the community.

Rugged Individualism

The observation that religion can often play a role in oppressing the poor, not the belief in God itself.

The Role of Religion

An approach that focuses on meaning and treats works of art as instances of conflicts between different types of meanings.

Deconstruction

The idea that there is no ultimate reality or end to all references from one sign to another, and that signs have a chain of meanings.

Transcendental Signified

A dichotomy that is an evaluative hierarchy, with a dominant and an oppressed or non-dominant side.

Binary Opposition

The examination of how personal identity is formed by cultural definitions of gender.

Feminism

Any society in which men hold all or most of the power, promoting traditional gender roles.

Patriarchy

The definition of men as rational, strong, protective, and decisive, and women as emotional, weak, nurturing, and submissive.

Traditional Gender Roles

The view of women as valuable only in terms of their usefulness to men.

Objectification of Women

The belief that women are inferior to men in various aspects.

Sexism

A Victorian belief that idealizes women who fulfill their patriarchal gender roles as fragile, submissive, and sexually pure.1. Postcolonialism:A theory that seeks to understand the experiences of people from different cultures who have been colonized by a superior European military force.

Cult of "True Womanhood"

Beliefs held by colonizers that they are superior to the colonized, leading to the disregard or dismissal of the culture, religion, and customs of the colonized.

Colonialist Ideologies

The practice of viewing those who are different as inferior or less human.

Othering

Those who occupy the bottom of the social ladder in colonialist societies, based on factors such as race, class, gender, religion, sexual orientation, ethnicity, or cultural differences.

Subaltern

Subalterns who internalize the belief that those different from the dominant culture are inferior, whether the dominant culture is foreign or their own.

The Colonial Subjects

The imitation by subalterns of the dress, speech, behavior, or lifestyle of the dominant culture.

Mimicry

The feeling of not having a stable cultural identity or a true home in any culture, experienced by those who do not belong to the dominant culture and have rejected their own culture as inferior.

Unhomeliness

Efforts to free one's land and culture from colonial domination, which can take the form of armed rebellion or non-violent resistance.

Anti-colonialist Resistance

The ability of colonized peoples to resist the colonialist ideology that tells them they are inferior, even when they have lost access to their own language and cultural heritage.

Psychological resistance

The longest period of Philippine literature before the arrival of colonizers.

Pre-colonial Period

Verbal expressions containing descriptive elements that require the audience to guess the object being referred to.

Riddles (bugtong)

Traditional sayings or rules on good behavior that serve as practical guides in life.

Proverbs (salawikain)

Quatrains with seven-syllable lines, known as ambahan or tanaga during the pre-colonial period in the Philippines.

Short Poems

Used in witchcraft or enchantment.

Chants (Bulong)

Songs that express the hopes, aspirations, and lifestyles of the people, reflecting the early forms of Philippine culture.1. Prose Narratives:Various types of narratives that are written in prose form.

Folk Songs (Awiting Bayan)

Narratives that deal with the creation of the universe, the origin of man, gods and supernatural beings, and native culture heroes.

Myths (Mito)

Prose narratives that are regarded as true by the narrator and audience, but are set in a more remote period.

Legends (Alamat)

Stories about life, adventure, love, horror, and humor that provide lessons about life.

Folktales (Kuwentong Bayan)

Stories that use animals as characters and are meant to impart lessons.

Fables (Pabula)

The use of mimetic dances imitating natural cycles and work activities as a form of drama.

Rituals and Dance as Drama

Long heroic narratives that recount the adventures of tribal heroes.

Epics

The period of Spanish colonization in the Philippines, which began in 1565.

Literature under Spanish Colonialism

The first book published in the Philippines in 1593, which was a grammar book and dictionary of the Christian doctrine.

Doctrina Christiana

A poem published in 1605 that combines pre-colonial oral literature with Catholic themes.

May Bagyo Ma't May Rilim

A religious literary work written in 1704 that depicts the last moments of Christ.

Ang Mahal na Passion ni Jesu Christong Panginoon Natin

A stage play performed during the Lenten season that depicts the passion of Christ.

Sinakulo

Literary forms that emerged during the 18th century, drawing inspiration from Spanish ballads about warriors and their love and fame.1. Komedya:Native poetic theater, later known as moro-moro or poetic theater about Christian and Moorish warriors.

Secular literary forms

A narrative poem consisting of four 12-syllable monoriming lines, popular during the first half of the 19th century.

Awit

A narrative poem with four 8-syllable monoriming lines, notable poet being Jose de la Cruz, also known as "Huseng Sisiw."

Korido

A play that uses shadows as its main spectacle, created by animating figures made from cardboard projected onto a white screen.

Carillo

Dramatic reenactment of St. Helena's search for the Holy Cross.

Tibag

Native dramas connected to Catholic mourning rituals and harvest celebrations.

Duplo or Karagatan

Musical comedies or melodramas dealing with elemental passions of human beings.

Zarzuelas

A book of manners written by Padre Modesto de Castro, depicting the exchange of letters between Urbana and Feliza.

Urbana at Feliza

Ninay

The first novel in Filipino written by Pedro Paterno, telling the story of the young Ninay and her tragic love for Carlo.

A novel written by Jose Rizal, ushering in realism in Philippine writing.

Noli Me Tangere

A novel written by Jose Rizal.

El Filibusterismo

A poem by Marcelo H. Del Pilar using parody to attack Spanish friars.

Ang Pasyong Dapat Ipag-alab ng Taong Baba sa Kalupitan ng Fraile

Short essays written by Emilio Jacinto.

Liwanag at Dilim

A poem written by Andres Bonifacio, aiming to establish the break from reformism.

Katapusang Hibik ng Pilipinas

The time frame when the new public education system introduced the English language.1. American colonizers:Refers to the people from America who colonized the Philippines.

Period of Re-orientation (1898-1910)

A period in Philippine literature when writers were still emulating the style and mode of writing of Anglo-American writers.

Period of Imitation (1910-1925)

A publication that pioneered short story writing in the Philippines during the Period of Imitation.

UP College Folio

The first Filipino novel in English written by Zoilo Galang, which tells the tragic love story of Lucio and Rosa.

A Child of Sorrow (1921)

A period marked by the Filipinos' mastery of the English language and the use of English as their own native language in literature.

Period of Self-Discovery (1925-1941)

A short story by Paz Marquez Benitez that marked the beginning of the Period of Self-Discovery.

Dead Stars (1925)