ALEVEL BIOLOGY - biological molecules

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162 Terms

1

Polymers

large, complex, monomers joined together

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2

what is the reaction to making polymers

condensation

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3

what is the reaction to breaking polymer

hydrolysis

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4

what is a hydrolysis reaction

reaction breaking the chemical bond between two monosaccharides using a water molecule

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5

what is condensation

chemical bond between two molecules joining together with the elimination of a water molecule

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6

Most carbohydrates are polymers including

proteins and nucleic acids

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7

Examples of monomers

monosaccharides, amino acids and nuceotides and fatty acids and glycerol

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8

Monomers

small, basic molecuar units. which builds to make larger molecules such as polymer

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9

Monomers that make carbohydrates

monosaccharides

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10

Examples of monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose

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11

All carbohydrates contain the elements

carbon, oxygen and hydrogen

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12

Glucose is a

hexose sugar

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13

what is a monsaccharide

a monomers that contains one sugar unit.
They are the monomers which larger carbohydrates are made

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14

Hexose sugar

a monosaccharide that contains 6 carbon atoms in every molecule

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15

2 types of glucose

alpha glucose and beta glucose

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16

Alpha and Beta glucose are both

isomers

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17

Alpha glucose

hydrogen at top, OH at bottom

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18

Beta glucose

OH at top, hydrogen at bottom

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19

Reaction that joins monosaccharides together

condensation reaction

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20

Condensation reaction

when 2 monosaccharide are joined together with the formation of a new chemical bond and a water molecule is released

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21

Bond formed in condensation reaction

glycosidic bond

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22

Glycosidic bond formed when

water molecule is released

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23

Disaccharide

when 2 monosaccharides join together

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24

Glucose + glucose

maltose

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25

Glucose + fructose

sucrose

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26

Glucose + galactose

lactose

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27

Amino acids make

proteins

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28

Monosaccharies make

carbohydrates

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29

Nucleotides make

nucleic acids

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30

Fatty acids and glycerol make

lipids

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31

Lots of amino acids make

polypeptides

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32

Lots of monosaccharides make

polysaccharides

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33

Lots of nucleotides make

polynucleotides

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34

Lots of fatty acids and glycerol make

triglycerides

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35

Lots of monomers make

polymers

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36

Hydrolysis

addition of a water molecule to break glycosidic bond

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37

Sugars

monosaccharides, glucose, fructose, galactose, sucrose and lactose

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38

Example of a hydrolysis reaction

carbohydrates can be broken down into constituent monosaccharides

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39

Test for reducing and non reducing sugars

benedict's test

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40

Reducing sugars

donate electrons to other chemicals

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41

Benedicts test for reducing sugars includes

all monosaccharides, glucose and some disaccharides, maltose and lactose

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42

Process of Benedicts test for reducing sugars

benedicts reagent is added to sample, heated in water bath which has been brought to the boil

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43

Positive result for Benedicts test

coloured precipitate, brick red

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44

Coloured precipitate in Benedicts solution

solid particles suspended in solution

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45

Colours will change from for Benedicts test

blue, green, yellow, orange, brick red

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46

Higher concentration of reducing sugar

the further the colour will change

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47

Colour change can be used for

comparing amount of reducing sugars in different solutions

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48

Benedicts test for non-reducing sugars

broken down into monosaccharides first by using a hydrolysis reaction, sample is taken, dilute hydrochloric acid is added, heated in boiling water bath, soultion is neutralised with sodium hydrogencarbonate, benedicts reagent is added

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49

what is a colorimeter

to mesure the abundance of remaining benedict reagent

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50

Mor accurate way for Benedicts result

filter solution and weigh precipitate
or
Removing the precipitate and using a COLORIMITER to mesure the abundance of remaining benedict reagent

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51

Negative result for benedicts test for non-reducing sugar

solution will stay blue, no sugars present, neither reducing or non-reducing

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52

Disaccharide involved in non-reducing Benedicts test

sucrose

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53

Lots of alpha glucoses form

amylose

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54

2 alpha glucoses form

maltose

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55

what are polysaccharides

when two or more monosaccharides join together by condensation reaction. they form long chains of monomers

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56

examples of polysaccharides

starch , cellulose, glycogen

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57

Cells get energy from

glucose

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58

what is Starch used for

main energy storage material in plants, it is insoluable . it is a mixture of amylose and amylopectin

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59

way in which starch molecules are adapted for their function in plant cells.

1. Insoluble;
2. Don't affect water potential;
OR
3. Helical;
Accept form spirals
4. Compact;
OR
5. starch is a Large molecule;
6. so it Cannot leave cell.

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60

Explain how cellulose molecules are adapted for their function in plant cells.

Long and straight chains;
2. Become linked together by many hydrogen bonds to form fibrils;
3. Provide strength (to cell wall).

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61

what happened when starch is broken down

they break down and release glucose which provides energy to the plant

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62

plants store excess glucose as

starch

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63

When a plant needs more glucose for energy

they break down the starch to release the glucose

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64

2 polysaccharides that make up starch

amylose and amylopectin

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65

Coiled structure of amylose

makes it compact so good for storage as more can fit into a smaller area

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66

bond between amylose

1-4 gylcosidic bond

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67

Amylopectin

long, branched chain of alpha glucose and has 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds

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68

Amylose

long, unbranched chain of alpha glucose, angles of glycosidic bonds give it a coiled structure making it compact and good for storage. it has has 1-4 glycosidic bonds

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69

Side branches of amylopectin allow

enzymes that break down the molecule to get at the glycosidic bonds easier so glucose can be released quickly

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70

bonds in amylopectin

1-4 and 1-6 gylcosidic

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71

Starch is

insoluble and has a helical shape

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72

Insoluble

does not affect water potential which does not cause water to enter cells through osmosis which would make them swell

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73

Test for starch

iodine test

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74

Process of iodine test

iodine is dissolved in potassium iodide solution and is added to test sample

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75

Positive result for iodine test

solution will turn from a browny/orangey colour to a dark blue/black

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76

Glycogen

main energy storage material in animals

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77

Glyogen is a

compact molecule

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78

Structure of glycogen

is similar to amylopectin except that it has more branches, very compact

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79

Animals store excess glucose as

glycogen

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80

Glycogen is good for

storage animals

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81

Glycogen is a polysaccharide of

alpha glucose

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82

Cellulose

is major component of cell walls in plants

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83

Cellulose is made of

long, unbranched chains of beta glucose and alternate beta glucose molecules are inverted

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84

Lots of branches on glycogen is good because

glucose can be released quickly

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85

When Beta glucose molecules bond they form

straight cellulose chains

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86

Cellulose chains are linked together by

hydrogen bonds to form strong fibres

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87

Microfibrils

strong fibres mean that cellulose provides structural support for cells in plant cell walls

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88

test for lipids

emulsion test

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89

how do you test for lipids

sake the test substance with wthanol for a minite and pour solutioninto water
any lipid produces will show a milky emulsion
- the more lipids the more notisable milky colour

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90

what are lipids

lipids are made from a mixture of componats which are all hydrocarbons

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91

what are the two types of lipids

Trigylcerides
Phospholipids

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92

what is the structure of trigylceride

one molecule of glycerol and 3 molecule of fatty acids

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93

what is the structure of fatty acid

knowt flashcard image
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94

what is the structure of glycreol

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95

what are fatty acids made from

hydrocarbons

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96

fatty acids in lipids are hy...

hydrophopic- they repel water . the tail is insoluable so it doent affect the water potential so osmosis can't occur

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97

what are the two types of fatty acids

saturated and unstaurated hydrocarbons

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98

what is a saturated fatty acid

it doesnt contain any double bond

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99

what is saturated fatty acids

it has double bonds

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100

how to test for saturated and unsaturated fats

bromein test if unsaturated it would go colourledd
if saturated it would remain orange

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