AP HG UNIT 3.1-3.3

culture

the material and immaterial ways of life of a particular group of people. All of a group's behaviors, actions, beliefs, and objects that make up its culture

cultural traits

the building blocks of culture; visible and invisible attributes that combine to make up a groups culture

artifacts

tangible objects created by a culture (can be touched)

artifacts examples

clothing, art, music, food, medicine, statues, buildings

sociofacts

the ways a culture behaves and organizes institutions (what they do)

sociofacts examples

family, education, marriage, religious institutions, gender roles, social class

mentifacts

the ideas, beliefs, values, and knowledge of a culture (can always be changing)

mentifact examples

language, religion, traditions, folklore and myths, morality and ethics, lifestyle choices

cultural norms

agreed upon cultural practices or standards that guide the behavior of a culture

cultural taboos

behaviors heavily discouraged by a culture

examples of cultural taboos

- child abuse, murder, incest, and cannibilism in almost every culture

- eating pork in Islam and Judism

Ethnocentrism

The belief that one's own culture or ethnic group is superior to all others; judging another culture based on the culture you believe in

cultural relativism

the principle that an individual human's beliefs and actions should be understood by others in terms of that individual's own culture

cultural hearth

an area where civilizations began that radiated its customs, innovations, ideologies and transformed the world

where were the ancient cultural hearths located?

mesoamerica, andean america, west africa, mesopotamia, indus valley, ganges delta, nile valley, wei/huang

how is culture influenced or changed?

influenced by tradition, the environment, technological innovations, and interactions with other cultures

enviormental determinism

the belief that the physical environment, especially things like climate and terrain, actively shapes culture

possibilism

the belief that enviromental conditions may impact culture but people are the primary architects of culture

cultural realms

A large segment of the Earth with uniformity in cultural characteristics.

what are the 10 cultural realms

latin american, anglo-american, european, slavic, islamic, sub-saharan african, austral european, sino japanese, indic, southeast

diffusion

the process by which an innovation or idea spreads from one place to another overtime

hearth

the place where an idea/innovation/culture originates

innovater

a person who is responsible for creating the idea or innovation an initiating the diffusion process

adopter

a person who accepts or receives the idea or innovation

contagious diffusion (expansion)

one person spreads an idea to multiple people and those people spread it to multiple people and so on

examples of contagious diffusion

COVID 19, respiratory disease, viral internet trends, breaking news, coffee culture

hierarchical diffusion (expansion)

the spread of an idea from one key person or node of authority/power to other person/places with less power/authority

hierarchical diffusion examples

RAP MUSIC, fashion trends, phone trees, popular music, chains of command

stimulus diffusion (expansion)

an idea spreads but is changed by the people who use/adopt the idea

stimulus diffusion examples

MCDONALDS, franchise resturants with international locations, "italian" food, Tex-Mex

relocation diffusion

spread of an idea through physical movement of people

relocation diffusion examples

crops and farming techniques, architectural styles, concepts of government, religion

what are some barriers to diffusion?

physical (mountains, oceans), culture (religious beliefs, taboo, language), political boundaries, economic, censorship

what is censorship used for

to maintain traditional values or political status quo

what is the impact of trade

- tradesmen moved from place to place encountering new people and ideas,

- exchange of goods led to agricultural and fashion trends,

- language adapted so people in different countries could trade

what is the impact of colonialism

- colonists brought back ideas with them to places they settled and their homeland,

- major shift in language spoken and religions practiced,

- cultural suppression of indigenous beliefs

what is the impact of war

led to major shifts in languages spoken,

- suppression of the culture of those that were defeated,

- some groups purposely targeted for persecution,

- destruction of important cultural sites and artifacts

what is the impact of urbanization

innovation happens more quickly thanks to a larger pool of ideas and larger source of labor,

- large concentration of people in one place created new needs and need for new forms of government

what is the impact of globalization

- spread of businesses, products, people, and ideas all over the world

- ideas spread very quickly due to Internet and improved transportation technologies

- global popular culture overtaking local traditional (folk) culture

distance decay

the idea that the interaction between two places decreases as the distance between them increases

time-space compression

reduction of the time it takes to give information to a distant place, as a result of improved communication and technologies

cultural convergence

when two cultures become more similar the more they interact

cultural divergence

cultures become less alike overtime due to physical and cultural barriers

folk culture

culture that is traditionally practiced primarily by small, homogeneous groups living in isolated rural areas

popular culture (contemporary/modern)

culture found in large heterogeneous areas that share certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics

examples of folk culture (6)

amish, native american, mennonite, sami, cajun, romani

examples of popular culture (4)

youth culture, music culture, entertainment, foodies (because culture is more globalized, you have culture based around groups)

origin of folk culture

anonymous hearths (unknown specific origins) impossible to find specific origins

origin of popular culture

traceable hearths; typically from developed countries

diffusion of folk culture

(if diffused at all) transmitted from one place to another more slowly and on a smaller scale (stays close to hearth) via RELOCATION DIFFUSION

diffusion of popular culture

typically HIERARCHICAL DIFFUSION, spreading rapidly and on a larger scale (can go far from hearth) with help of technology

distribution of folk culture

distribution hindered by physical (mountains, oceans) and cultural factors

distribution of popular culture

distributed widely across many countries, with little regard for physical factors

music in folk culture

written to pass knowledge about life or environment, usually only one instrument, very simple

music in popular culture

written by specific individuals with goal to perform or being sold, lots of instruments

sports in folk culture

most sports originated as folk culture sports

sports in popular culture

through diffusion and technology, the folk culture sports became popular culture, the olympics normally includes pop culture sports

food in folk culture

locally produced from enviornment, they eat the food because their natural properties are said to enhance qualities

food in popular culture

food often imported, preferences influenced by cultural values than enviromental factors

clothing in folk culture

unknown or multiple origins, clothing worn is a response to agricultural practices, climate conditions, and beliefs

clothing in popular culture

Originate from a particular person or brand and diffuse rapidly and over a large area, clothing preferences generally reflect occupations and incomes rather than environments

gender roles in folk culture

gender roles are very traditional and strictly enforced

gender roles in popular culture

getting rid of the idea of defined/traditional gender roles, dominance of popular culture changing concept of gendered spaces

housing in folk culture

materials produced locally (stone, grass, wood), built by the community or the owner itself, similar style for the community, different styles for different cultures

housing in popular culture

materials produced in factories (steel, glass), built by businesses and then sold, similar between cities

Folk cultures are being increasingly overtaken by popular culture. Why is it important to protect and preserve them?

ANSWER LATER DONT FORGET

compare 2 aspects and differences between popular culture and folk culture

this is the FRQ, study music food housing maybe clothing idk

what did the radio do

created a common, standardized culture because everyone can hear the same music and information (compared to modern day internet)

what is the number one way for a culture to disappear

if the lose their language