Biology Terms

Characteristics of living things

reproduce, grow, respond, cells, DNA, energy

centrosome function

Organize cell division

contractile vacuole

Expels excess water in unicellular eukaryotes

Eukaryotic cells

Multicellular or unicellular, membrane bound organelles

Prokaryotic cells

Only unicellular, no membrane bound organelles

large central vacuole

the organelle that stores water and other materials

nucleoid region

Contains DNA

Capsule

A sticky layer that surrounds the cell walls of some bacteria, protecting the cell surface

Plasmid

accessory genes (outside nucleoid)

endosymbiont theory

The theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell.

evidence of endosymbiont theory

1) mitochondria and chloroplasts divide independently of cell
2) both mitochondria and chloroplasts are double membrane bound
3) both have their own ribosomes and DNA

4 Macromoleules

1. lipids
2. carbohydrates
3. nucleic acids
4. proteins

Carbohydrates (give elements, monomer, and polymer)

C H O
Monomer: monosaccharide (simple sugar)
Polymer: polysaccharides (complex sugar)

Proteins (give elements, and monomer)

C H O N S
Monomer: amino acids

Nucleic acids (give elements, function, and monomer)

CHONP
Monomer: nucleotides
Stores info

Lipids (elements, monomer, hydrophobic or hydrophilic?, polar or non polar?)

Non polar
Hydrophobic
No monomer
C and H

dehydration reaction (AKA what reaction?)

Chemical reaction in which monomers are joined to form a polymer AKA Condensation reaction

Hydrolysis reaction

Chemical reaction that breaks down monomers from polymers. Break apart polymers

Carbohydrate examples and functions

Starch- storage in plants
Glycogen- storage in animals
Cellulose- cell wall in plants
Chitin- structure in animals
Glucose- monomer in plants and animals - energy storage molecule

Lipid Examples and Functions

Fats and oils- long term energy storage
Phospholipids- make up cell membranes
Steroids- mediate physiological reactions

cellular respiration equation

C6H12O6+6O2\---\> 6CO2+6H2O+ATP

Stages of Cellular Respiration

glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport chain

Glycolysis (where does it take place, anaerobic or aerobic, reactants and products)

Cytoplasm
Anaerobic
Products: 2 Pyruvate, 8NADH, Net 2 ATP
Reactants: glucose

Citric acid cycle AKA Krebs (location, anaerobic or aerobic, reactants and products)

Matrix
Aerobic
Reactants: 2 pyruvate
Products: 8NADH 2FADH2 6CO2

electron transport chain (location, anaerobic or aerobic)

Inner membrane
Aerobic

Fermentation (what conditions)

Regeneration of NAD in anaerobic conditions

2 types of fermentation

alcoholic and lactic acid

alcholic fermentation

produces CO2 and ethanol and NAD
yeasts

lactic acid fermentation

Produces lactic acid and NAD
Muscles

\# of atp in anaerobic conditions

2

\# of atp in aerobic conditions

36

Aerobic

requires oxygen

Anaerobic

Doesn't require oxygen

Photosynthesis equation

6CO2 + 6H2O \------\> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Photosynthesis stores \______________ in glucose and other carbs

Sunlight energy

Carbon fixation

Converting gaseous carbon in CO2 into solid carbon that can be used for energy

Where does the LDR take place?

thylakoid membrane

Where does the LIR take place?

stroma

light-dependent reactions

convert light energy into chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH

Light Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)

Use ATP and NADPH and CO2 To produce glucose

Photosynthesis stores \______________ energy in glucose molecules, while Cellular respiration converts \____________ stored in glucose into \______

Sunlight energy, energy, ATP

Passive transport (Requires energy or not, 3 types of passive transport)

NO energy required
Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. SMALL NONPOLAR MOLECULES can diffuse easily across the membrane when they move WITH the concentration gradient

facilitated diffusion

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels LARGE POLAR MOLECULES need protein channels to travel across membranes when they move WITH the concentration gradient

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Active transport (requires energy or not, type of channel that moves ions, 4 types of active transport)

REQUIRES energy
Ion pumps
Endocytosis (phagocytosis and pinosytosis)
Exocytosis

Ion pumps

Protein channels that move ions AGAINST the gradient

Endocytosis (what are the 2 types)

Bringing large molecules into a cell
- Phagocytosis
- Pinosytosis

Exocytosis (how does it work- mention vesicles in ur answer)

How cells release large molecules out of the cell
Vesicles fuse with cell membrane, expelling the material from the cell

dynamic equilibrium

When concentration of particles is equal on both sides of the membrane, but particles continue to move but no net change in concentration

What types of transport would u use for the following molecules?
Large molecules
Polar molecules
Small, nonpolar molecules

Large molecules:
- Into cell: Endocytosis
- out of cell: Exocytosis
Polar molecules:
- with gradient: Facilitated diffusion
- Against gradient: active transport
Small nonpolar molecules:
- w gradient: simple diffusion
- against gradient: active transport

What happens to plant and animal cells in hypertonic solutions

They both shrivle

What happens to plant and animal cells in and isotonic solution

Both behave normally

What happens to animal and plant cells in a hypotonic solution

Animal cells swell and may burst
Plants are protected by their cell wall

Roles of vesicles in cell transport in Endocytosis vs. Exocytosis

Endocytosis: engulfed material is brought into the cell in vesicles
Exocytosis: vesicles fuse to the cell membrane to expel material out of cell

Hydrolysis

Removal of a Phosphat group from atp (releases energy)

Phosphorylation

Addition of a phosphate group to ADP (stores energy)

NADH function

Energy storage molecule (electron carrier)

Glucose function

Energy storage carb (one molecule contains too much energy for cellular processes)

Phases of cell cycle

G1, S, G2, M

G1 function

Cell increases in size, synthesized protein, functions normally

S function

DNA replication

G2 function

Prepare for division, production of organelles and molecules needed for division

M function

Period of active cell division

What is the G0 phase of the cell cycle?

The G0 phase is the resting phase of a cell

Phases of mitosis

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Prophase

Duplicated chromosomes condense, nucleolus disappears, nuclear envelope breaks down, centrosomes move to opposite ends of cell and produce microtubules to form a spindle

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in center of cell (at metaphase plate)

Anaphase

Chromatids separate and move to opposite sides of the cell

Telophase

Chromosomes un condense, nuclear envelopes reforms, nucleoli return

cytokinesis in plant cells

Vesicles form a cell plate that will become a new cell wall

cytokinesis in animals

Form a cleavage furrow, pinch to form 2 new cells

Chromosome number in a human somatic cell

46 (diploid)

Chromosome number in a human Gamete

23 (haploid)

external regulation

Contact inhibition, growth factors

Internal regulations

Cyclins, nucleus, centrosomes, centrioles, cytoskeleton

catalyst

substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

8 functions of proteins

structure, catalysts, movement, transport, hormones, protection, storage, regulation

pH values below 7 are

acidic

pH value above 7

basic

law of independent assortment

the law that states that genes separate independently of one another in meiosis

Law of Segregation

first law of heredity stating that pairs of alleles for a trait separate when gametes are formed

Law of Dominance

Some alleles are dominant and some are recessive

Homozygous

An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait

Heterozygous

An organism that has two different alleles for a trait

heterozygous recessive

(Pp) different traits, one dominant and one recessive. Always looks like dominant parent.

heterozygous dominant

two different genes; Aa

homozygous dominant

Both alleles (factors) for a trait are the same and dominant (AA)

homozygous recessive

Both alleles (factors) for a trait are the same and recessive (aa)

What does protease break down?

Proteins into amino acids

What 3 things affect how well an enzyme works

1) temperature
2) pH
3) concentration of enzymes

Plastids

organelles that are surrounded by a double membrane and contain their own DNA

What kind of solution is the cell before diffusion

Isotonic

What kind of solution is the cell in after diffusion

Isotonic

Job of high energy electron carriers

Power proton pumps in ETC

Chromosome

A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins.

Chromatid

one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome

Centromere

Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached

Chromatin

Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell

mRNA

messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome