Vascular and Innate Immune Response to Tissue Injury

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Vocabulary flashcards covering the concepts listed in the notes: vascular changes, cellular response to tissue injury, and the rapid, automatic, nonspecific nature of innate defense.

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69 Terms

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Vascular

Relating to blood vessels; in inflammation, vascular changes such as vasodilation and increased permeability that facilitate immune cell arrival at damaged tissue.

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Cellular response to tissue injury

The recruitment and action of leukocytes (e.g., neutrophils, macrophages) at damaged tissue as part of the inflammatory process.

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Rapid

Happening quickly; in innate immunity, the immediate onset of defense after injury or infection.

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Automatic

Inborn, not learned; functions without prior exposure to a specific pathogen.

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Nonspecific defense

Innate immune defenses that protect against a broad range of pathogens without prior exposure.

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Innate immunity

The rapid, automatic, nonspecific arm of the immune system present from birth, providing immediate defense against many pathogens.

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Vascular

Relating to blood vessels; in inflammation, vascular changes such as vasodilation and increased permeability that facilitate immune cell arrival at damaged tissue.

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Cellular response to tissue injury

The recruitment and action of leukocytes (e.g., neutrophils, macrophages) at damaged tissue as part of the inflammatory process.

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Rapid

Happening quickly; in innate immunity, the immediate onset of defense after injury or infection.

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Automatic

Inborn, not learned; functions without prior exposure to a specific pathogen.

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Nonspecific defense

Innate immune defenses that protect against a broad range of pathogens without prior exposure.

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Innate immunity

The rapid, automatic, nonspecific arm of the immune system present from birth, providing immediate defense against many pathogens.

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Vascular

Relating to blood vessels; in inflammation, vascular changes such as vasodilation and increased permeability that facilitate immune cell arrival at damaged tissue.

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Cellular response to tissue injury

The recruitment and action of leukocytes (e.g., neutrophils, macrophages) at damaged tissue as part of the inflammatory process.

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Rapid

Happening quickly; in innate immunity, the immediate onset of defense after injury or infection.

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Automatic

Inborn, not learned; functions without prior exposure to a specific pathogen.

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Nonspecific defense

Innate immune defenses that protect against a broad range of pathogens without prior exposure.

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Innate immunity

The rapid, automatic, nonspecific arm of the immune system present from birth, providing immediate defense against many pathogens.

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Inflammation

A localized physical condition in which part of the body becomes reddened, swollen, hot, and often painful, especially as a reaction to injury or infection, characterized by vascular and cellular responses.

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Phagocytosis

The process by which certain living cells, called phagocytes, engulf other cells or particles, such as bacteria, other microorganisms, and foreign matter, a key defense mechanism in innate immunity.

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Pathogen

A bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease.

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First Line of Defense

Physical and chemical barriers that prevent pathogens from entering the body, such as skin, mucous membranes, tears, and saliva.

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Skin

The body's largest organ, forming a primary physical barrier against pathogen entry.

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Mucous membranes

Protective linings found in respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts that trap pathogens and contain antimicrobial substances.

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Cilia

Tiny hair-like structures in the respiratory tract that sweep trapped pathogens out of the body.

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Gastric acid

The highly acidic environment in the stomach that kills most ingested pathogens.

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Lysozyme

An enzyme found in tears, saliva, and sweat that breaks down bacterial cell walls.

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Defensins

Antimicrobial peptides produced by epithelial cells that directly kill pathogens.

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Commensal bacteria

Beneficial microorganisms that live on and in the body, competing with pathogens for resources and space.

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Second Line of Defense

Internal defenses activated once pathogens breach the first line, including phagocytes, inflammation, fever, and antimicrobial proteins.

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Neutrophils

The most abundant type of phagocytic leukocyte; first responders to infection or injury, engulfing bacteria and dead cells.

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Macrophages

Large phagocytic cells that engulf pathogens, cellular debris, and present antigens; also play a role in tissue repair.

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Monocytes

Precursor cells to macrophages and dendritic cells, circulating in the blood before migrating to tissues.

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Dendritic cells

Antigen-presenting cells that bridge innate and adaptive immunity by presenting pathogen fragments to T cells.

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Natural Killer (NK) cells

Lymphocytes that recognize and kill virus-infected cells and tumor cells without prior activation.

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Eosinophils

Leukocytes primarily involved in defense against parasites and in allergic reactions.

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Basophils

Leukocytes that release histamine and other inflammatory mediators, important in allergic responses.

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Mast cells

Tissue-resident cells that release histamine during inflammation and allergic reactions, similar to basophils.

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Fever

An elevated body temperature, a systemic innate immune response that inhibits pathogen growth and enhances immune cell activity.

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Pyrogens

Substances (e.g., from pathogens or immune cells) that induce fever.

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Antimicrobial proteins

Proteins that directly kill pathogens or inhibit their growth, such as interferons and the complement system.

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Interferons

Proteins released by virus-infected cells that warn neighboring cells to heighten their antiviral defenses.

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Complement system

A group of plasma proteins that, when activated, enhances inflammation, promotes phagocytosis (opsonization), and directly lyses pathogens.

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Opsonization

The process by which pathogens are marked for destruction by phagocytes, often by antibodies or complement proteins.

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Chemotaxis

The movement of cells, such as leukocytes, towards a chemical signal (chemokine) released at a site of infection or injury.

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Cytokines

Small proteins released by immune cells that act as chemical messengers, regulating immune responses and inflammation.

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Chemokines

A type of cytokine that induces chemotaxis, directing immune cells to specific locations.

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Acute inflammation

A rapid, short-lived inflammatory response aimed at eliminating the injurious stimulus and initiating tissue repair.

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Chronic inflammation

Prolonged inflammation that can lead to tissue damage and may be associated with various diseases.

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Vasodilation

The widening of blood vessels, increasing blood flow to an inflamed area and causing redness and heat.

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Increased vascular permeability

Changes in blood vessel walls that allow fluid, proteins, and immune cells to leak into tissues, causing swelling (edema).

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Edema

Swelling caused by the accumulation of excess fluid in body tissues.

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Pain

A symptom of inflammation caused by the stimulation of nerve endings by inflammatory mediators and tissue swelling.

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Redness (Rubor)

A classic sign of inflammation due to increased blood flow to the affected area.

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Heat (Calor)

A classic sign of inflammation due to increased blood flow and metabolic activity at the site.

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Swelling (Tumor)

A classic sign of inflammation due to fluid and cell accumulation in the interstitial space.

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Loss of Function (Functio Laesa)

A classic sign of inflammation, indicating impaired mobility or use of the affected area.

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Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

Receptors on innate immune cells that recognize conserved molecular patterns on pathogens (PAMPs) and host damage signals (DAMPs).

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Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)

Molecular structures common to broad groups of pathogens (e.g., bacterial LPS, viral RNA) that are recognized by PRRs.

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Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)

Molecules released by damaged host cells (e.g., ATP, nuclear proteins) that signal tissue injury and activate innate immunity.

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Toll-like Receptors (TLRs)

A family of PRRs that recognize specific PAMPs and DAMPs, activating signaling pathways that lead to inflammatory gene expression.

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Complement cascade

A series of sequential reactions involving complement proteins, leading to pathogen lysis, opsonization, and inflammation.

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Classical pathway (complement)

Activated by antibody-antigen complexes or directly by certain pathogen surfaces, initiates the complement cascade.

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Alternative pathway (complement)

Activated directly by pathogen surfaces, independent of antibodies, initiates the complement cascade.

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Lectin pathway (complement)

Activated by mannose-binding lectin binding to microbial carbohydrates, initiates the complement cascade.

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Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)

A pore-forming complex generated by the complement system that inserts into pathogen membranes, leading to lysis.

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Adaptive immunity

A specific, acquired, and memory-based arm of the immune system that targets specific pathogens after initial exposure.

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Immunological memory

The ability of the adaptive immune system to remember past encounters with pathogens, leading to faster and stronger responses upon re-exposure.

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Epithelial cells

Cells that form protective linings on internal and external body surfaces, contributing to the first line of defense.