Unit 3.2 Body Guards

Prions

Any of various infectious proteins that are abnormal forms of normal cellular proteins

Viruses

Any of a large group of nonliving, submicroscopic infective agents that typically comprise of an RNA or DNA core

Bacteria

Single-celled prokaryotic microorganism

Protist

Living, multicellular eukaryotic organisms

Helminths

Living, multicellular, eukaryotic worms

Pathogen

Disease causing organism

Parasites

Organism that lives on or in a host organism and gets its food at the expense of the host

Epidermis

top layer of skin that provides a barrier, make new skin, and provides skin color

Dermis

middle layer that contains collagen and elastin, grows hair, makes oil, and sweat, contains blood vessels and nerve endings

Subcutaneous Fatty Tissue

Bottom layer of the skin consisting of fat that cushions muscles and bones and helps regulate body temp

Importance of skin

primary border that protects us from pathogens, maintain homeostasis, and induces immune responses

How does the way skin cells reproduce help skin protect your body from invaders.

Induces immune response

Sepsis

The body's immune system overreacts to an infection causing inflammation

Sever sepsis

Organs in the body begin to malfunction, blood pressure is low, and inflammation continues

Septic Shock

Extremely low blood pressure that does not respond to IV fluids

T (Temperature)

Higher or lower than normal temperature

I (Infection)

Signs and symptoms of an infection (swollen lymph nodes)

M (Mental Decline)

Confused, sleepy, difficult to rouse

E (Extremely Ill)

Severe pain or discomfort

Lymph nodes

Glands in the immune system that usually enlarge in response to bacteria or viral infection or cancer

Lymph

Watery fluid that maintains fluid levels in the body, absorbs fats, protects the body from pathogens, and transports and removes waste from lymph fluid

Lymph nodes function

Enlarge in response to bacteria or viral infection or cancer

Lymph vessels function

Carries lymph through the body to lymph nodes and back to veins

Liver function

contributes to immune defense by collecting and eliminating foreign compounds from blood

Thymus function

Helps in the development of T-cells that help fight off infections

Tonsils function

Helps to stop germs from entering the body through the mouth or nose

Spleen function

Filters blood of foreign cells and old red blood cells

Bone marrow function

Produces new blood cells

Lymphatic filtration

Process of filtering lymph through lymph nodes.

What would the lymphatic, cardiovascular, and immune systems do when a person cuts their hand?

Platelets

fragments that assist in protecting the body by helping blood clot

Red blood cells

helps transport oxygen throughout the body

White blood cells

destroys invaders that make it through your body's nonspecific defenses

Innate immunity

Non-specific immune defense mechanisms that people are born with, keeps anything outside from coming in.

Acquired immunity

Specific immune defenses, acquired over a lifetime

Active immunity

acquired after an infection and recovery from a vaccine

Passive immunity

acquired as a child from its mother through the placenta or breast feeding

antigen

foreign invader such as a pathogen

B-cells

stimulates specific white blood cells

Antibodies

proteins that work to neutralize pathogens

T-cells

type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in immune response by recognizing/attacking cells infected with foreign pathogens or cancer cells

Immune response concept map

Helper T-cell

stimulates cytotoxic T cell, antigen, and exposure stimulating memory B cell and T cell

Cytotoxic T-cell

Gives rise to activate cytotoxic T-cell and memory T-cell

Viral Reproduction

Attachment

Virus attaches to the surface of animal host cell

Entry

Virus DNA enters host cell through endocytosis or fusing with plasma membranes of the host cell

Uncoating

Breakdown or removal of the capsid of the virus; genome is completely released and viral genes are able to transcribe replicate()

Replication

Host cell is used to copy viral single-stranded RNA, double-stranded RNA or single stranded DNA; information on how to produce virus is encoded

Assembly

Newly created virus parts self-assemble into new virions

Maturation

Final change in structure of the capsid within a immature virion results in an infectious virus particle

Release

Cell host releases new virions into the extreacellular environment

Direct mode of transmission

physical contact between an infected person and new host

Indirect mode of transmission

No physical contact

Modes of Transmission

Retina

receives image formed by the lens and converting it into chemical and nervous signals

Blind Spot

Where optic nerve enters part of eye that is devoid of rods and cones and is insensitive to light

Sclera

White external layer of eyeball

Vitreous Humor

Substance that fills the eyeball behind the lens

Lens

Focuses light on the retinaA

Acqueous humor

fluid that fills the space between the lens and cornea

Tapetum

Mainly found in animals, refracts visible light back through the retina

Pupil

Admits light into the interior of the vertebrate eye

Cornea

Covers iris and pupil and admits light into the interior

Iris

Excludes the entrance of light except through the pupil, determines eye color.

Conjunctivitis

Also called pink eye, an infection of the conjunctive that causes inflammation. Eyes are red and itchy, and may water or have a thick discharge

Loiasis

Also called African eye worm, periodic appearance of itchy but not painful swellings, especially near joints, fatigue, muscle and joint pain, and worm crawls over the surface of the over in the conjunctiva

Onchocerciasis

River blindness, a disease with symptoms including impaired vision or blindness caused by recurring conjunctivitis and infection of the cornea and sclera

Trachoma

An infection that can cause vision impairment and blindness when the eyelid and eyelashes scratch and damage the cornea

Traumatic Iridodialysis

Eye injury where the iris detaches from the structure behind it, irregularly shaped pupil, eye pain, and blurry or impaired vision. Can result in glaucoma.