Unit 3 Test: Reformation, Scientific Revolution, and Enlightenment Key Concepts

Protestant Reformation

16th-century religious movement challenging the Catholic Church leading to new Protestant denominations (Lutheran churches)

Martin Luther

German monk who criticized Church corruption and started the Reformation. Believed in salvation from faith. Didn't like selling of indulgences. Excommunicated from church.

95 Theses

Martin Luther's 1517 list of complaints against Church abuses, sparking the Reformation.

Counter Reformation

Catholic Church's response to the Reformation to make some reforms of the Catholic Church (get rid of indulgences).

Effects of the Protestant Reformation

- decline of Church/pope authority

- rise of Protestantism

- 30 years war (Catholic Church vs Protestant)

- increased literacy

- everyone can read the Bible (bc of translations)

Scientific Revolution

16th-17th century movement emphasizing reason, experimentation, and observation over faith.

Nicholas Copernicus

Proposed the heliocentric theory—the Sun is the center of the universe. Start of scientific revolution.

Johannes Kepler

Discovered planets move in elliptical orbits (formulated laws of planetary motion). Confirmed Copernicus' heliocentric theory.

William Harvey

- Discovered blood circulation and how the heart pumps blood through the body.

Galileo Galilei

Used the telescope to support heliocentrism; challenged Church authority, charged with heresy, took back his beliefs.

Isaac Newton

Defined the laws of motion and universal gravitation.

Francis Bacon

Developed the scientific method based on observation and experimentation. Inductive: specific to general.

Rene Descartes

Emphasized reason and logic. 'I think, therefore I am'. Deductive: general to specific.

Building blocks of absolutism

Divine right of kings: power is given to him by god. Centralized power (limit power of nobles). Strong armies. Control of economy (taxes).

Constitutionalism

Government where the monarch's power is limited by law, constitution, or parliament (ex., England).

Louis XIV

Absolute monarch. Centralized power and built Versailles. Increase taxes to pay for army.

Versailles

Grand palace symbolizing Louis XIV's power and control over nobility.

Phillip II

King of Spain. Defender of Catholicism. Sent the Spanish Armada against England.

Peter the Great

Russian king who westernized and modernized Russia. Built St. Petersburg (city). Modernized navy.

Catherine the Great

Russian empress who expanded territory and continued westernization. Enlightened despot (incorporates enlightenment ideas).

Enlightenment

18th-century movement emphasizing reason, liberty, and progress; inspired revolutions.

Philosophe

French Enlightenment thinkers who promoted reason, reform, and tolerance.

Voltaire

Advocated freedom of speech, religion, and tolerance; criticized the Church and monarchy.

Adam Smith

Economist who wrote The Wealth of Nations; supported free markets and laissez-faire economics.

Denis Diderot

Compiled the Encyclopédie to spread Enlightenment ideas and knowledge.

John Locke

Argued for natural rights (life, liberty, property) and government's duty to protect them.

Baron de Montesquieu

Proposed separation of powers in government to prevent tyranny.

Mary Wollstonecraft

Early advocate for women's equality and education (A Vindication of the Rights of Woman).

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Believed society corrupts people; supported popular sovereignty and the social contract.

Effects/Consequences of the Enlightenment

Inspired revolutions, advanced human rights, weakened absolutism, promoted reason and science.