no skeleton, respiratory, epithelial

Traits of the Liver

Detoxifies

Largest organ in non-ruminants

Deteriorates with age

Regenerative

Animals without gallbladder

Horses or rats

What do Alpha / Beta / Delta cells produce

Alpha: Glucagon (increases blood sugar)

Beta: Insulin (decreases blood sugar)
Delta: Somatostatin

What is red

Pancreas

Parenchyma and the parts its made of

Functional units of an organ

Red pulp: erythrocyte storage

White pulp: site of immune response

What is this

Spleen

Look for darkened color and poop shape

Appendix and what species it’s important

Rabbits, important in digestion

Vestigal in many species

Originally for cellulose digestion, reservoir for beneficial bacteria

Cattle calf digestive special traits

Esophageal groove bypasses rumen to let milk go straight to abomasum

milk is digested like a monogastric, still can eat grass and digest like a ruminant though

as calf grows the rumen will grow

What is this the lining of + details

Papillae in the rumen

longer the better quality feed there is = more VFA produced

Eructation

Burping to allow ruminants to expel fermentation gases

if unable, will cause bloat and cause pressure on lungs and heart

she ferment in my rumen til I eructate

What is this the lining of + details

Reticulum “honey comb stomach”

where cows get hardware disease (metal object inside, solved with swallowed magnet")

Storage for regurgitation to cud,

What is this the lining of + details

Omasum

Folds increase surface area for increased absorption

Water and nutrient absorption

“o ma sum tripe”

What is this the lining of

abomasum

similar to monogastrics, chemical digestion

Function of crop + species without crops

Soften food

control rate of food moving through GI

Owls and geese

Red

Gizzard
Mechanical stomach

muscular, stones or grit is stored here

Yellow

Proventriculus

True stomach, chemical digestion

3 + function

Ceca

Two blind pouches, bacterial fermentation for undigested food

Yellow

Yellow: Cloaca

Circle

Renal capsule

Surrounds kidney

protection and support

Label + Components

Adrenal Gland

Made of Adrenal Medulla + Adrenal Cortex

Adrenal Cortex Hormones

Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
Noepinephrine (regular homeostasis)

Adrenal Cortex Hormones

Glucocorticoids (Cortisol)

Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)

Importance of kidneys

Conservation of water
composition of body fluid is determined by what kidneys keep

“paired retroperitoneal organs” = separated from abdominal cavity

Green

Renal pelvis

Opening for ureter, veins and artery to enter kidney

makes the bean shape of the kidney

Renal cortex function

Formation of urine in kidneys

Erythropoietin production

Renal Corpuscle

Glomerlulus + Bowman’s Capsule

Glomerlulus: Capillaries

Bowman’s Capsule:" protective capsule of simple squamous

main point of filtration

Yellow

Red

Yellow: Renal Corpuscle

Red: Bowman’s capsule

lined in simple squamous

Green

Renal Medulla

Collect and transport urine

Multipyramidal: Cattle, Swine

Unipyramidal: Feline, Canine

Who has least/most amount of nephrons

Horses have the most nephrons per kidney

Felines have the least

What species has this kidney

Bovine

What species has this kidney

Equine

What species has this kidney

Canine

What species has this kidney

swine

Urinary Bladder function and how it is controlled

Storage of urine

Skeletal muscle “external urethral orifice” to hold in pee and prevent accidents

Urethra and gender differences

connects to bladder and expels urine

Males: travels through penis

females: empties into urogenital sinus

Red Orange Yellow

Red: Infundibulum - Catches oocyte

Orange: Ampulla - site of fertilization

Yellow: Isthmus - site of fertilization

Uterus Type + Species

Bicornuate
Mare, Cow

Uterus Type + Species

Duplex
Rabbit, Kangaroo

Uterus Type + Species

Note development

Bicornuate

Cat

Green

Renal cortex

Sow

Red; bladder

Yellow: urethra

Sow reproductive tract

Green yellow

Green: vestibule
yellow: vulva

Which avian ovary deteriorates as they age

typically the right side atrophies to reduce weight for flight

Where is avian site of fertilization?
Oviduct parts

Infindibulum

Infindibulum, Magnum, Isthmus, Shell gland, Vagina, Vent

Yellow

Vas deferens

Yellow Green

YEllow: epididymus
Green: testis

Function of cremaster muscle

temperature regulation of testis

what the fuck

Pampiniform plexus
Veins and arteries that intertwine down the testis to regulate heat

All colors

Yellow: kidney

Green: Ureters

Blue: Bladder

Red: Urethra

Top is a kidney
Circle (rabbit)

Adrenal Gland

Bull
Red

Vas deferens

Name function
Name of Ridges Depression

Cerebral cortex
Coordinate language, thought, decision
“Grey matter”
Ridges: Gyrus
Depression: Sulcus

Name

Corpus callosum

Lobe Name

Frontal Lobe

Lobe

Temporal Lobe

Name

Thalamus

Lobe

Occipital Lobe

Lobe name

Parietal lobe

Name

Hypothalamus

What + (Two halves)

Midbrain

Superior Colliculi (Function not needed to remember)
Inferior Colliculi

Name+ inside (not asking for lobe name)

Cerebellum
Has arbor vitae inside, sensory motor information

Name

Pons

What is the nerve on the red dot

Olfactory bulb

Name

Medulla Oblangata

What nerve

Optic Nerve
Optic Chiasma
Right side is processed by left cerebral hemisphere

Name

Pineal Body

What produces releasing/inhibiting hormones

hypothalamus

Name + Function of two halves

Pituitary
Posterior is storage, anterior is production

What is this

Vein lumen

What is this

Artery lumen

Where is the auricle

1. Aorta
   2. Pulmonary Heart
   3. Superior Vena Cava
   4. Pulmonary Vein
   5. Left auricle
   6. Inferior vena cava
   7. Left ventricle

Name (top left shows orientation)

1. Aorta
   2. left auricle
   3. left atrium

   4. right ventricle

   5. interventricular septum

   6. left ventricle

What is this

moderator band

1. Top
   2. Bottom

1. Mitral valve

2. Chordae tendinae

Name

cornea
allows light, most sensitive part of body

Name

Ciliary body

controls shape of lens

Name

Choroid

Name

Tapetum

Name

Optic nerve

Orange name

Retina

Orange

Iris

Blue

Pupil/lens

Red

Lens

Blue

Retina

Green

vitreous humor

Gray

Iris

Green

Sclera

Blue

Pupil

Orange

Anterior compartment
Maintains pressure

Name

Band neutrophil - Immature
Segmented neutrophil - Mature
Phagocytic - ingest bacteria
Inflammation

Name

Eosinophil
Rare in blood smears (0-5%)
allergen phagocytosis, reduces inflammation from histamines

Name

Basophil
Rarest WBC

slows down blood clotting
Start inflammatory response

Name

Monocyte

largest WBC

larger molecule phagocytic
Pacman

Name

Lymphocyte
Majority nucleus

T cells and B cells