Memory - Lecture 10 review for final

Memory

The process of recording and retrieving information and experiences through storage, retrieval, and encoding.

Encoding

Getting information into the memory system by translating it into a neural code that the brain processes and stores.

Storage

The retention of information over time.

Retrieval

The process of accessing information in long-term memory.

Modal Model of Memory

A framework that describes the flow of information through the memory system: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Sensory Memory

A type of memory that uses visual, auditory, and haptic cues, involving iconic (visual) and echoic (auditory) memory.

Short-term/Working Memory

A temporary working memory system that involves control processes like rehearsal, coding, decisions, and retrieval strategies.

Phonological Loop

A component of working memory that processes verbal and auditory information, often referred to as the 'inner voice'.

Visuospatial Sketch Pad

A component of working memory responsible for visual and spatial information, referred to as the 'inner eye'.

Long-term Memory

The permanent storage of information with a long duration and high capacity.

Serial Position Effect

A phenomenon where the position of an item in a list affects how well it is remembered, with the primacy effect for first items and recency effect for last items.

Explicit Memory

A type of long-term memory that includes semantic (facts) and episodic (personal experiences) memory.

Implicit Memory

A type of long-term memory that includes procedural and conditioned responses.

Shallow Encoding

A superficial level of processing information that often leads to poor retention.

Deep Encoding

A more meaningful processing approach that enhances retention and memory quality.

Chunking

A memory strategy that involves grouping information into larger, more manageable units to improve encoding.

Dual Coding Theory

A theory that suggests using both visual and verbal codes enhances memory retention.

Associative Networks

Cognitive theory that describes how specific pieces of information or concepts are stored in a connected 'web' of nodes.

Priming

The process by which exposure to one stimulus influences the response to another stimulus, by activating related concepts in memory.

Retrieval Cues

Stimuli that help in accessing stored information from memory.

Distinctiveness

A principle that suggests people remember better things that stand out or are unique.

State-dependent Memory

A phenomenon where the ability to retrieve information is improved when an individual is in the same state as when they learned it.

False Memories

Inaccurate or distorted recollections of events that one believes to be true.

Interference Theory

The idea that forgetting occurs because old and new information competes with one another.

Proactive Interference

When old information interferes with the learning or recall of new information.

Retroactive Interference

When new information interferes with the recall of old information.

Amnesia

The inability to remember information, which can be caused by various factors including trauma or disease.

Hippocampus

A brain structure critical for memory encoding and consolidation.

Long-term Potentiation

A mechanism of memory formation that strengthens the synapses based on recent patterns of activity.

Alzheimer's Disease

The most common cause of dementia, characterized by degeneration in the hippocampus and impacting all types of memory.