Cell Physiology/Types of Fluids

What are the three sources of water?

Drinking fluids, consuming food, and metabolic water

What is metabolic water?

water produced by cellular metabolism

What are the two types of water loss?

Sensible and Insensible

______ water loss cannot be measured

Insensible

What is insensible water loss? Give some examples of insensible water loss.

Insensible loss cannot be measured. Examples are sweat or through respiration

_____ water loss can be measured

Sensible water loss

Explain sensible water loss. Give some examples.

Sensible water loss can be measured. examples are urine or blood loss.

What is the purpose of skin tenting?

It is used to check hydration and to give SQ injections

What is hypovolemia?

decreased blood volume

What is mEq/L? What is it used for?

milliequivalents per liter. It is used to measure the concentration of electrolytes in a solution.

______% of the body is water.

60%

What are the two types if body fluids? Where are they found?

intracellular and extracellular

Intracellular is found in the cells

Extracellular is further divided into intravascular (within the blood and lymph vessels) and interstitial (in between the cells)

Body fluids contain solutes in the form of _______ and _______

electrolytes and organic molecules

Name the organic molecules

Proteins, phospholipids, cholesterol, and triglycerides

What are lipids?

True or False: Organic molecules are uvenly distributed among fluid compartments

False. They are unevenly distributed

What are the most abundant solutes in the body?

electrolytes

cations, anions, acids, and bases are all _____

electrolytes

List the electrolyes in intracellular fluid

1) Potassium (K+)

2) Magnesium (Mg2+)

3) Hydrogen Phosphate

4) Sulfate

List the electrolytes in extracellular fluid

1) Sodium (Na+)

2) Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

3) Chloride (Cl-)

Acidity vs alkalinity

Acidity means there are more H+ ions in a solution.

Alkalinity means there are more OH- ions in a solution (basic)

What is the pH of blood?

7.4 (slightly alkaline/basic)

What body functions can be adversely affected by changes in electrolyte concentrations and pH?

Transmission of nerve impulses, muscle contraction, and respiration

_______ can be used to balance pH and electrolytes of body fluids

IV fluids

What is bradycardia?

Decreased heart rate

What is hyperkalemia?

High potassium

What is AKI?

acute kidney injury

What is osmolality?

The measurement of solute concentrations in fluid

How do steroids

By lowering vasopressin ( antidiuretic hormone) and can cause increased thirst leading to increased urination

What is PU/PD?

Polyurea/Polydipsia (increased urination/increased thirst)

What is hyperglycemia?

high blood sugar

What is hypoalbuminemia?

Low levels of albumin in the blood

What is the role of albumin?

Blood protein that plays a role in blood pressure

What is paratuberculosis?

A bacterial infection that can lead to hypoalbuminemia in ruminants.

______ is a common sign of abnormal movement of fluids from the vascular space to the interstitial space

Edema

_____ can also be a consequence to giving too much IV fluids.

Edema

What is it called when fluids leak into surrounding blood tissue?

Pulmonary edema

What is it called when fluids leak from vessels into skin?

Cutaneous edema

What is an isotonic fluid? Give an example of an isotonic fluid.

Isotonic fluids have an osmolality comparable to blood

Example: Normal saline

What is a hypertonic fluid?

Have an osmolality greater than that of blood

What is a hypotonic fluid?

Have an osmolality less than that of blood

Hypertonic fluids are also called ______

colloids

What is osmosis?

Passive movement of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a region of high concentration to a region of lower concentration.

In hypertonic solutions, cells_______

a) swell

b) shrink

c) stay the same

b) shrink

In hypotonic solutions, cells ______

a) swell

b) shrink

c) stay the same

a) swell

In isotonic solutions, cells ______

a) swell

b) shrink

c) stay the same

c) stay the same

The plasma membrane of cells is _____, meaning it allows the passage of some cells but not others

selectively permeable

True or False: Water can pass freely through the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane

True

_____ transport requires ATP

Active transport

What happens in pinocytosis? What is transported?

In pinocytosis, cells engulf liquid substances.

It is used to transport water and other solutes

What happens in phagocytosis? What is transported?

In phagosytosis, cells engulf solid substances.

It is used to transport micro-organisms and foreign debris

What is exocytosis?

Excretion of waste products and secretion of manufactured substances, such as lipids and hormones

What is membrane potential?

the voltage difference across a membrane caused by the plasma membrane being more permeable to some molecules more than others.

True or False: Not all cells have membrane potential

False. ALL cells possess membrane motential