Development

development

the study of the physical, intellectual, social, and moral changes across the life span

methods for researching development

cross-sectional and longitudinal

cross sectional

multiple ages all at once

longitudinal

same group over a long period of time

conception

sperm penetrates egg

prenatal

the developmental period before birth

natal

birth

neonatal

birth to 1 month

infancy

1 month to 18/24 months

zygote

(first 2 weeks) one sperm penetrates and fertilizes the egg- rapid cell division. About 10 days in, this attaches to uterine wall. Outer part of this becomes placenta (which filters nutrients)

embryo

(2 weeks to 8 weeks) organ's begin to form, heart beats, liver functions

fetus

(9 weeks till birth) looks human-like, development of digestive system forms and functions

critical period

an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

teratogens

agents, chemicals, or viruses that can reach embryo or fetus to cause harm to the body (alcohol, smoking, mercury, drugs, caffeine)

turn reflex

head towards voices

see reflex

can see 8-12 inches from their faces

gaze reflex

longer at human like objects from birth

rooting reflex

touch a baby's cheek, they turn towards and put finger in mouth

sucking reflex

reflex for feeding

grasping reflex

put hand in finger and pull away- they will hold on

moro reflex

you flail and they get really small to protect themselves

babinski reflex

touch pattern on baby's foot- they spread toes apart

plantar reflex

push foot - toes curl

swimming reflex

they can prevent themselves from drowning

stepping reflex

Reflex that causes newborn babies to make little stepping motions if they are held upright with their feet just touching a surface

habituation

a decrease in responsiveness with repeated presentation of the same stimulus

neural development

more neural connections as they grow older

maturation

automatic, biological, and developmental changes in body or behavior over time (nature), rather than life experience or learning (nurture). These natural processes contribute to orderly sequences of developmental changes (sitting up, crawling, etc.) This sets the basic course of development, while life experience adjusts it.

Jean Piaget

stages of cognitive development

(piaget) sensorimotor stage

age 0-2 years. Experience the world through senses, learn to develop object permanance (peak-a-boo about 8 months), and stranger anxiety (when they crawl)

(piaget) preoperational stage

2-7 years old. begin to use words and images to represent objects, ideas, events, and feelings. Ego-centric (assumes that other people hear, see, and feel exactly the same as the child). Cannot use logic and abstract thinking. Do not understand conservation

(piaget) concrete operational stage

7-11 years. Can demonstrate concept of conservation. Logic thinking

(piaget) formal operational stage

12+ years. Abstract reasoning, manipulate object in our minds without seeing them, hypothesis testing/hypothetical thinking, trial and error, metacognition (thinking about own though process)

schema

categories

assimilation

testing new info and putting in existing schemas

accommodation

changing existing categories or creating new categories to adopt new info

criticisms of piaget

some say he underestimates the abilities of children (some advance more rapidly). Some believe that children do not learn in stages but rather a gradual continuous growth

temperament

the enduring characteristics with which each person is born

nature vs nurture

genetics vs environment

stability vs change

Do our early personality traits persist through life, or do we become different persons as we age?

continuity vs discontinuity

is development gradual and continuous or does it proceed through a sequence of separate stages.

egocentrism

assumes that other people see, hear, and feel (emotionally) exactly the same as the child does

Animism (Piaget)

the preoperational child's belief that inanimate objects are alive

Artificialism (Piaget)

the idea that people created the world and everything in it

conservation principle

Properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the form of objects

theory of mind

people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.

autism

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind

Zone of Proximal Development

the range of tasks that are too difficult for a person to learn by themselves, but can be learned with guidance from someone with experience in the task. Continuous development instead of stage development. Ex. learn numbers-addition-subtraction-multiplication-division

Internalization

process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual's personality, thereby conditioning the individual to conform to society's expectations

social development: childhood

Up until a year, infants do not mind strangers. At about a year, infants develop stranger anxiety (same time as crawling).

attachment

an emotional tie with another person

stranger anxiety

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age (crawling)

Harry Harlow

Studied attachment and love. Took monkeys away from their mothers after they were born and put them in a room with a nice, soft fake mom (no food) and a wired mom (gave food). It was thought that the monkeys would favor the feeding mom all the time, but they only went to wire mom for food. Soft touch is needed for bonding. Contact comfort (touch leads to love/attachment)

imprinting

the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life

Konrad Lorenz

researcher who focused on critical attachment periods in baby birds, a concept he called imprinting

Mary Ainsworth's strange situation

she placed child under some stress. She observed how a 14 month old would react when a stranger walked in the room, mom left room, and returned. Securely attached kids freak out when mom leaves and calm down quickly when she comes back.

secure attachment

confidence that the secure base person (the parent) will always be there for me. They will always be available, responsive, and able to help or save me.

insecure attachment

lacking confidence that the secure base person (the parent) will always be there for me. Not knowing if they will always be available, responsive, and able to help or save me.

basic trust

Erikson's theory that securely attached children have a sense that the world is predictable and reliable. Translates into trusting and secure adults.

Attachment Deprivation

Harlow Monkey Studies. When the monkeys were sent back into the colonies, they could not mate because they had no social skills

Self Concept

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

Authoritarian Parenting

impose rules and expect obedience. "Bc I said so".

Permissive Parenting

make few demands, give in to child's demands, and use little punishment. Take orders and instructions from children, give children power (mean girls mom)

Authoritative Parenting

set standards for children that are reasonable and explained. Will encourage independence as long as child does not break rules. Praise as often as they punish. (danny from full house)

Neglectful Parenting

a parenting style characterized by a lack of parental involvement in the child's life

puberty

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

primary sex characteristics

body structures that make reproduction possible. Men: penis and testes. Women: vagina and ovaries

Secondary sex characteristics

non-reproductive. Women: breast development, body hair, and widened hips. Men: deeper voice and body hair

menarche

the first menstrual period

emerging adulthood

When many young people in western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independence as adults (18 to mid-twenties). During this time, many young people attend college or work but continue to love in parent's home. Marriage usually comes at a later time than 100 years ago.

menopause

the ending of the menstrual cycle around 50. Decline in sexual reproduction

dementia

a slowly progressive decline in mental abilities, including memory, thinking, and judgment, that is often accompanied by personality changes

Alzheimer's

progressive and irreversible brain disorder. Gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and physical functioning.

crysrallized intelligence

the ability to use learned knowledge and experience (problem solving)

fluid intelligence

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly (facts)

contact comfort

physical touch leads to this. Helps form attachment (skin to skin)

issues faced by adolescents during puberty

1. finding one's identity. 2. establishing relationships and understanding the world is extremely difficult

adulthood

All physical abilities essentially peak by our mid twenties

Flynn effect

The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations

life expectancy

keeps increasing and is about 80 now. Women outlive men by 4 years

social clock

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

social learning theory

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

gender identity

our sense of being male or female

gender typing

The process of developing the behaviors, thoughts, and emotions associated with a particular gender.

gender schema theory

the theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly

physical milestones

laugh (2 months), pedal a tricycle (2 years), sit without support (5-6 months), feel ashamed (2 years), walk unassisted (1 year), stand on one foot for 10 sec (4.5 years), recognize and smile at mom/dad (4-5 months), kick a ball forward (20-22 months), think about things that cannot be seen (2-6 years/12 years), make two word sentences (20 months)

motor development

the emergence of the ability to execute physical action

Vygotsky's Theory of Sociocultural Cognitive Development

Children are social beings shaped by their cultural contexts. children are both learners and teachers. children are products of their culture. Cognitive change originates in social interaction.

social referencing

observing the behavior of others in social situations to obtain information or guidance

Freud's Psychosexual Stages

Freud believed life was built around tension and pleasure. The buildup of this tension could cause conflict. The reason tension builds up is due to this concept called Libido, which is a natural sexual energy source that feeds the energy of our mind. When this libido energy is stuck or fixated it can have a lifelong effect into adulthood. Freud's focus \= personality development in early childhood (issues as a child could have long-lasting effects into adulthood). Each stage is focused on a concept that needs to be resolved in order for a person to advance to the next stage. OREOS ARE PURELY LOVABLE GOODIES

oral stage

Age: 0-1

Libido: Mouth

Development: Oral Activities (sucking, chewing, biting, etc)

Fixation: Smoking, Over-eating

Child is learning to eat, and they get food through breastfeeding. An infant at this point is completely dependent on mom for sustenance. A baby would build up trust if it received the sustenance. They have to be weaned off of breastfeeding to move on to next stage.

anal stage

Age: 1-3 years

Libido: anus

Development: potty training

Fixation: Develop an anal retentive personality, anal expulsive (opposite)

anal retentive personality

an individual who hates mess, very tidy, very respectful, punctual, and this is a person who gets pleasure from holding their own poop when they're a child

anal explosive personality

someone who is not able to control their bladder, pleasure from going to bathroom, less control/might not make it to the bathroom, these people tend to be disorganized, messy, and careless

phallic stage

Age: 3-6 years

Libido: genitals

Development: Boys: Oedipus complex, Girls: electra complex

Fixation: Sexual dysfunction or relationship problems

oedipus complex

where young boys develop a sexual desire for their mother. At this stage, a boy wants to possess his mother exclusively so that the father becomes a rival of the young boy. The father is seen as someone who is keeping the boy from possessing his mother. The boy grows afraid that the father will take away what the boy loves the most (his penis). This is associated with castration anxiety (boy is afraid of losing his penis and is afraid his father is going to cut it off) He resolves this problem by imitating his father's masculine behavior

electra complex

girl desire their father but realizes that she does not have a penis. She becomes jealous that she does not have a penis and develops penis envy where she wishes to be a boy and believes that the penis is the superior sexual organ. Blames her mother for "cutting off her penis" that she was born with. She blames mother for castrating her and gets attached to the father. As a result, the girl will identify with her mother's fear of losing love or her desire to have children

latent stage

Age: 6-12 years

Libido: none

Development: social skills

Fixation: none

A time where children associate around other children who are going into school. They become more concerned with peer relationships rather than sexual relationships. The labido is now focused on intellectual pursuits and social interactions with the same sex friends

genital stage

Age: 12+ years

Libido: genitals

Development: sexual maturity

Fixation: absolutely normal

Where sexual urges are working against puberty and there is strong sexual attractions to the opposite sex. The interest in the welfare of others grows at this time while before everything was about the individual. If successful and other stages, the individual will be well balanced and warming/caring towards others

Kohlberg's Moral development

modified and expanded upon Piaget's work to from a theory that explained the development of moral reasoning